Zoology 425 1st Edition Exam #2 Study GuideLec. 1 – 2/17/15- sleep exposure index - measure vulnerability while sleepingo negatively related to percent of time that the organism spends in REM sleep  harder to wake from- predator-prey interactions shape what prey behavior occurs - flight initiation distance o lots of things affect whether or not prey decide to flee: 1. distance to refuge modified by time of day, how much cover there is  prey pay attention to environment  2. prey experience  predator density  sequential predator approaches  3. predatory effects  predator speed and size  directness of attacko other means of defense may be relied upon - foraging, anti-predator behavior, cost of risk?o Joel Brown  use animal foraging behavior to ‘ask’ prey about anti-prey behavioro giving up density (GUD) = P + C + MOC density of a resource when a forager gives up and leaves patch describes what’s left in the patch when the forager leaves every time something is removed, less remains in substrate —> generates diminishing returns  marginal value problem  terms: P = predation risk  can bump a gain curve if it’s made riskier low predation risk: longer time spent in patch lower cost  tangent lines are parallel to average slope  quality includes risk high quality can have same yield as low patch but has lower risk which is what inc its quality  high risk environment can lead to higher rate of see yield energetic cost of predation risk = difference between two patches  harvesting perspective: same seed quantity risk perspective: different risk —> different quality  high risk patch will have more seeds remaining thansafe patch  C = cost (metabolic) MOC = missed opportunity costs  catch all for what’s missing bc of what you chose to do with your time  stay longer in safe environment; leave sooner in high risk environment  design a study where trays are paired: assume C and MOC in both are equal values cons: different thermal costs actually  confounds focus on predation risk  present in same environment- risk allocation hypothesis: if you hide long enough, probability of starving > probability of being eateno may be many situations where animals are willing to trade a gain at cost of predator risk o at some point you stop worrying about predators and start worrying about starvingo short term studies don’t represent long term reality - direct vs. indirect cues o information in environment to optimize activities in risky world information is some state in the environment that can be used by the organism to predict eventso info reduces ambiguity regarding a particular outcome o cue - some component of environment that can be perceived and provides information  direct cues - cues produced by predator or by act of predation  ex. sight of predator, sound produced by predator, chemical/smell (macerated conspecifics, urine, feces) indirect cues - associated with risk but not produced by predator ex. habitat (is there a refuge?), lighting conditions, weather o can evaluate anti-predator behavior by providing cueso aphids use direct cues to initiate anti-predator behavioro chemosensory assessment of predation risk  information is used by about every organism o measuring distance to a refuge is usually testing indirect cues o rodent foraging does not change with direct cues  did pay attention to indirect cues suggests that indirect cues are more important  rain allowed them to be harder to detect visually and acoustically rodents get killed by everything; need to prioritize risk  indirect cues provide info about overall risk  applicable to all predators island-wide predator manipulation  all foxes in captivity for awhile to let population rebound island mice respond to direct cue of the predator essentially fox is only predator  as number of foxes inc., rodents become more paranoid suggests rodents know risk level and respond to it- ecology of fearo also known as:o non-consumptive effects o risk effectso trait-mediated effects o risk alone can change prey activity, growth, fecundity, density capable of changing population sizes of preyLec. 2 – 2/17/15- ecology of fear/risk effects/non-consumptive effectso can compare non-consumptive effects with consumptive effects o strength of non-consuptive effects was often at least as strong as consumptive effects: fear goes a long way in animal behavior  activity, density, growth rate, fecundity, etc- hunting mode o identity of a predator isn’t as relevant as how they hunt their prey tells prey more about their risk based on predator cueo sit-and-pursue predator vs active predators SAP - let you run by and come after you cue from SAP —> likely right by it AP - always looking around  cue from AP —> may or may not be near  activity somewhat dec in presence of both presence cues density, growth, and fecundity dec more in presence of cues from SAP predators than in presence of AP predators  may be short term response to long term risk differences in growth and fecundity are more long-term signifiers o perceived predation risk study kept all real predators away: pulsed fear but not actual consumption in presence of predator cue: changed nest location to thorny area short flight initiation distance - more paranoid didn’t sit on eggs as long; spent more time off nest significantly less visits to feed nest fecundity in presence of predator cue: lower total number of offspring, eggs laid larger number of death of nestlings and eggs failed to hatch risk of predation changes bird population sizes and fitness- plants and perceived cues o induced defensives - plant becomes less tasty once it senses predator/is attacked by predator  gets bitten —> grows thornso exposed plants to mucus as seeds and as seedlings  cue was water or water and mucus  benefit to plant is info to prep for attack before it happens o repeated exposure leads to a significant reduction in snail herbivory regardless of exposure as a seedo most pronounce defenses when experienced predator cue more frequently o changes in organismal behavior caused by predation risk affects fecundity, growth- crypsis and masqueradeo crypsis - hoping not to be recognized at all doesn’t require predator experience jays made