Zoo 425 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 20 26 Lec 20 4 14 cooperation cot d group selection group is under selection unlike natural selection where only individual is selected on cooperation arises in group when group selection individual selection communication definitions E O Wilson action on the part of one organism that alters the probability pattern of behavior in another organism in a fashion adaptive to either one or both of the participants Bradbury and Vehrencamp the provision of information that can be utilized by a receiver to make a decision an exchange of a signal between a sender and a receiver to the benefit of both parties formalized communication terminology functions 1 recognition of neighbors intruders family 2 reproduction any form of mating ritual 3 alarm 4 food resource location components sender recipient signal information sent by sender channel medium physical form used to transmit signal types of signals chemical information send via unique compounds received via gustation olfaction auditory visual information sent via differential reflectance of light received via sight tactile information transmitted via touch includes vibrational mechanical information Range Chemical Auditory Visual long long Medium Rate of signal change slow fast Fast Ability to go past objects good good poor yes yes little variable variable low high Night use Locate sender depends upon complexity of environment and if sender wants to be pinpointed Energetic cost signal quality degradation quality of signal is reduced and information content altered usually lowered attenuation reduction in detectability of the signal dependent on communication medium and channel how signal changes when moving from sender to receiver information to communicate where direction and distance communication via waggle dance error in process based on sun detection should get you close enough to visually detect food source once nearby length of run is scaled to how far the food source is angle shows direction of food source chickadees 2 types of call see alarm call for moving predators chick a dee alarm call for stationary predators captors that are perched and could be a threat transmission of more than just simple info D notes signify wingspan of predator receivers can understand signal and act accordingly sound of chickadee s alarm attacks predators illegitimate receivers eavesdroppers aggressive mimicry sender uses a signal to intentionally manipulate the high low receiver manipulation ex photinus vs photuris fireflies female photuris are larger and attract males male descends to mate and photuris then eats the male ex assassin bugs lure spider prey pierce prey and suck out juices induces communication on spider web plant behavior and communication Karban paper Lec 21 4 16 Plant communication Karban s dichotomous key evidence of intraspecific and interspecific signaling via VOCs v organic compounds plants detect chemicals emitted by other plants and use that info to change their own strategies defenses sometimes brought about after external signaling cost of being paranoid relevant tradeoff predictability of attack if you can garner information react to it induced defense must be plastic able to be turned on or off based on environmental cue if you cant gauge info keep defenses at all time constitutive defense if your neighbor is getting eaten you re probably next base defenses on neighbor s fate when to sprout too early environment kills you too late presence of other seedings kills you glean info from environment to avoid bad outcomes plants integrate information about nutrients and neighbors nutrient homogeneity in the soil single plant grows roots throughout multiple plants don t invest in roots so heavily nutrients condensed in middle of soil single plant grows same as it did in homogenous multiple plants root growth is focused on nutrient patch if there s something worth racing for in a competitive environment it s worth racing for it exposure of Solidago altissimo plants to volatile emissions pheromones of insect antagonist deters subsequent herbivory produces a gall in the plant when plant is exposed to mating pheromone of an herbivore they re less palatable to specialist herbivores intercepts communication btwn evolutionary sender and receiver it s best to use cues that herbivores can t help but make distance measurement bees need to be able to assess directionality and communicate distance to hivemates 2 hypotheses energetic odometer measure distance based on amount of energy needed to get to target visual odometer measure distance by integrating image movement across the eye during trip E distance influenced by wind load size movement honeybee navigation nature and calibration of the odometer round dance when bees believe that target is less than 50m from hive waggle dance occurs if bees believe that the target is 50m from hive ants odometers energetic not supported bc ants know how well they went regardless of what they re carrying visual not supported bc ants can judge distance in completely dark environments pedometer hypothesis bc travel on straight surface testing the pedometer hypothesis in the desert ant Cataglyphis fortis data and model match very well Lec 22 4 21 Quantifying movement 1 mark and recapture and see how far they travelled 2 translocations 3 radio transmitters assuming that your method doesn t affect movement Landscape Ecology Landscape is about scale what constitutes landscape differs among organisms Definition the mosaic of habitat patches in which a particular habitat patch focal patch is embedded Wiens et al Landscape Ecology considers 1989 Development and dynamics of spatial heterogeneity Interactions and exchanges across heterogeneous landscapes Influences of spatial heterogeneity on biotic and abiotic processes Management of spatial heterogeneity How Behavioral Ecology and Landscape Ecology connect Functional Connectivity degree to which a landscape facilitates or impedes movement of organisms among resource patches Area Sensitivity size of habitat patch affects occupancy Eg bigger habitats more resources higher carrying capacity larger population reduced likelihood of local extinction Edge effects are greater in small patches than bigger patches Bigger patches are more likely to be occupied youre more likely to encounter a bigger patch when migrating Perceptual Range describes the spatial extent of an organisms view of the landscape the area of