REL 021 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Suggested that when taking the test, use the 4-fold analysis to compare different terms:- What is the Problem? - What is the Cause?- What is the Method?- What is the Solution?1. Confucius(551-479 BC) Confucius was always known for his learning, even when he was young. He strived for political power but realized that his true passion and ambitions lied in teaching others. He became a great teacher and philosopher. He also has the Lun yu (or known as the Analects of Confucius) attributed to him. 2. Warring States PeriodThe time period in which Confucianism arose, and was the problem (4-fold analysis). This was during the 6th century, and was a time of great strife, treachery and social disillusion. There was a lot of civil unrest and immoral behavior as well. This time period included a long period of civil wars, violence, famine (due to resources being put towards war), and lots of backstabbing due to immoral people. This was before the unification of China, and included the Zhao, Yan, Qi, Chu, and Han dynasties. 3. Analects (= Lunyu) This is the analects of Confucius, and is a collection of brief passages that present the words of Confucius and his disciples. This comes from stories of Confucius as a man, and also visits some of the events that happened throughout his life. 4. Rectification of Names= Hierarchy of power (through morality, where virtue is more powerful than strength). This means that you are a part of something greater than yourself. The Confucian belief that knowing and using proper designations within community relationships leads to proper behavior and social harmony. - If ruler is not moral, the system fails… Crumbles from the top to the bottomo Corruption in the kingdom: the ruler has absolute power, but if he loses the mandate of heaven he therefore loses his power as ruler. This leads to the constant rise and fall of dynasties. o Example of Power (triangle): Ruler, ministers, fathers, sons.5. Gentleman (prince, chun-tzu, junzi)Their education taught moral education, where they tested students on how well they knew and practiced their lessons. Moral education teaches moral virtues to its students, and is aimed to produce ideal moral beings (= junzi).The idea moral being = Junzi (or prince) were well educated, cultured, refined, and very moral. They were able to draw out the better nature in others, and were expected to serve as moral example to others. They can also serve as a minister. 6. The Great LearningThis is a supplement to the Confucian canon, and is a summary of the Confucian project of creating social Dao. This shows illustrious (shed light on) virtue and inspires others. This is also a hidden virtue that has no social use whatsoever, and must act with society in order for everyone else to be virtuous. Important Confucius text that summarizes social Dao7. Mandate of HeavenThis is the concept in which a ruler has the Mandate of heaven, and immoral leadership and inhumane rulers lose the Mandate of Heaven. Once a ruler goes against virtue, he loses the mandate and other people can claim the Mandate of Heaven. When a ruler does have the mandate, they have ultimate power and responsibility, but are able to lose it. 8. Five Classics (and their significance)The five classics are moral training that is achieved through memorizing the five classics. These texts are all the basis of moral training. 1. HistoryConfucius believed (and stated in the analects) that studying history is very important. He said, “Keeping the past alive allows understanding of the present” and “I am not the type of person born with knowledge, I look to history for knowledge”2. Autumn and Spring AnimalsThese cover moral lessons that are found in the past. They are accurate, real, and true and are the moral principles for all time. These are the studies of times before Confucius, where there were ancient kings to rule society. 3. Book of poetry/poems/odesPoetry was important to the government because it organized society by setting moral examples. It was important that it was poetry, because it’s an eloquent language that expresses ideas in the people’s language, and expressed emotions freely as a mature adult. This is also important for understanding your own range of emotions. 4. Rites (social rites)This goes along with respecting your parents, and having ancestor worship, which is the recognition of the debt and gratitude to the past generations in the family. This also goes along with funeral rituals within families.5. Scripture/passage of change (Yijing I-Ching)This is the manual for divination (telling the future). It is questions that are asked, and can include forecasts for crops, famine, or even success in battle. Bones of sacrificed oxen were also usedfor this, with questions carved into them. I-Ching was a compilation of texts for divination, which used long unbroken lines and short broken lines. 9. Confucian virtues (ren, yi, xiao, xin, zhi, li) (or in English translation)These make up an ideal moral being, because the difference between immorality and morality is virtue. These are the virtues:- Ren = humanenesso This means being humane to those below you. Being humane does not mean being civil, because civility implies that people are unequal. The Buddhist idea of compassion is caring for those who are below you because they are below you. Ren also captures thatyou can have those below you do what is necessary for you, but not to the point where it hurts them (such as slavery, for instance). Ren practices absolute moral power.- Yi = righteousness o This means doing the right thing because it is right. This is an objective right and not an opinion. This also incorporates the idea that justifying or arguing for immoral behavior is not acceptable under any circumstances. - Li = rituals or rightso Practicing social etiquette falls under this category. This means that they must incorporate unity into society, such as older members should watch out for the younger members (like in families). The failure of an individual being able to help someone actually affects everyone, and all are punished to instill a moral example (ex. senior members did not teach the junior members what to do)o Ancestor Veneration is also a huge part of this. This is a system of rituals and ceremoniesto show respect and gratitude towards deceased parents. This is because a person’s family is more important than the person themselves (corporate