Religion 021 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: BuddhismR.21 Introduction to Religion: Asian TraditionsRemember: Using bullet points on the exam will result in partial credit! Write in complete sentences. Do not use Internet sources. Concentrate on significance of the word/item.1. Siddhartha Gautama/Shakyamuni The Buddha = Siddhartha Gautama-From the Clan Shakya-Sometimes referred to as the ShakyamuniShakya - shakya clan Muni = wise persono Later known as the Buddha Buddha = “The awakened one”2. Biography of the Buddha Lifespan:- 29 years old he was a renunciant and moved to the woods (6 years)- 35 years old he achieved Nirvana (45 years)- Until he was in his 80’s he spread his teachingsConception/Birth:- Māyā - mothero Had a dream that a white elephant entered her side This meant that her son would either be a great warrior/emperor or a great teacher.o Gave birth in Lumbini The gods are said to have shown up to marvel at the child Buddha was bathed in a shower of water Shortly after being born, he stood up, took 7 steps, and declared that this was his final rebirth.Youth:- His mother died 7 days after the birth- Overprotective father kept him from the outside worldRenunciant:- 1st teacher: Alara Kalamao Taught meditation that induced profound tranceo Offered him joint leadership but refused b/c not the solution he sought- 2nd teacher: Uddaka Ramaputtao Taught meditation that allowed sphere of perception/non-perception- 3rd teacher, himself! Self-taught:o Practiced retaining breath - failedo Almost died - only one grain of rice/watero Girl finds him sitting in forest and offers food- Bodhi: Enlightenment > liberation from samsara > realizationo Sutras: teachingsEnlightenment:- 1st Night > power to look back on past lives- 2nd night > clairvoyant power > death/rebirth of all beings- 3rd night > knowledge that his spiritual defilements had been eliminated and that he had rooted out craving and ignorance forevero Attained nirvana, ended rebirth- Remained at the Bodhi Gaya for seven weeks pondering future- Set out for the five former associates who turned his back on him when he rejected the path of austerityCreation of the Middle Way  First Sermon/ First Teaching- Proclaimed self as Tathagatao “One who has attained what is really so- Setting in motion the Wheel of the Dharma”o “Four Noble Truths”- “Stream enterer” = one who has achieved preliminary degree of spiritual understanding- Bhikkhu - monkso All five associates became enlightenedo After hearing the second sermon attained full enlightenmento Known as “Arahants” - saintsTeaching- Eventually 60 Arahants- set out to teach out of world compassion- After 5 years, Order of Monks established. They were set out to create order of Nuns but did not flourish as much as monks- Traveled on foot through towns and villages of Northeast India (150 mi long, 250 mi wide)- Occasionally depicted working miracles: psychic powers developed through meditation- Residential Establishments - Viharas = Monasteries3. Four Noble Truths 1. The Truth of Suffering (dukkha): birth is suffering, sickness is suffering, old age is suffering, and death is suffering. Pain, grief, sorrow, lamentation, and despair are suffering. Not to get what one wants is suffering. I short, the five factors of individuality are suffering.2. The Truth of Arising ( samudaya): the thirst or craving that gives rise to rebirth, which is bound up with passionate delight and which seeks fresh pleasure now here and now thee 2in the form 1) thirst for sensual pleasure, 2) thirst for existence, 3) thirst for non-existence.3. The Truth of Cessation (nirodha): It is the utter cessation of that craving, the withdrawal from it, the renouncing of it, the rejection of it, liberation from it, non-attachment to it.4. The Truth of the Path (magga): leads to the cessation of suffering; is the noble eightfold path5. Dukkha - 4-fold analysis:o Problem: suffering, discontent and stresso Cause: constant cravingo Solution: control craving/relinquish cravingo Method: Eight fold path6. Trishna/Tanha - Thirst, craving to hold on to pleasurable experienceso Principle cause for dukkha; first of the four noble truthso Principle cause of suffering in the world 7. Four Sights - Siddhartha yearned for deeper spiritually satisfying way of life- Father fearful that he would fulfill destiny as teacher, so arranged for streets and kingdom to be filled with healthy smiling peopleo By chance encountered an old man Returned home to contemplate what it meant to grow oldo 2nd ride encountered a sick mano 3rd ride encountered a corpse being carried to the cremation ground Returned home to contemplate the transient nature of human existence and that the palace couldn’t keep suffering and death at bay.o 4th ride encountered a religious renunciant in a loincloth begging for alms Inspired by sight to seek solution to problems of the human condition Left wife and child that night and departed to become homeless religious mendicant8. Three Marks - Imperance- Unsatisfactoriness- Suffering 9. Middle Way - The eightfold path is known as the “middle way” because it steers a course between a life of indulgence and one of harsh austerity. There are 8 factors divided into 3 categories:o Morality, meditation, wisdom (eightfold path).310. Nirvana - 2 components to attain nirvana: Virtue and Wisdom (deep understanding of the human condition). Both are necessary for nirvana but neither is sufficient.o Life is suffering, and suffering is caused by craving; suffering can have an end, and there is a path to end it.o Literally means “quenching” or “blowing out” in the way a candle flame is blown out, greed, hatred, and illusion are blown out. Rebirth ceases, enlightened person is not reborn, removing the craving and ignorance is like removing the oxygen and fuel from the candle flame. This means to an end of suffering and rebirth. 11. Eight-Fold Path - Right… o View (understanding):  Acceptance of the Buddha’s teachings and experiential confirmation (wisdom)o Right resolve:  Serious commitment to developing right attitudes (wisdom)o Right speech:  Telling the truth and speaking in a thoughtful way (morality)o Right action:  Abstaining from bad behavior (morality) o Right livelihood:  Not engaging in an occupation that harms others (morality)o Right effort: Gaining control of ones thoughts and cultivating right mind (meditation)o Right