PSYC 4200 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 13 Erikson s Psychosocial Stages o Industry vs inferiority 6 12 yrs Industry develop a sense of competence at skills and social rules important to your culture Inferiority pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well Industry in childhood more closely correlated to adult success than IQ or background Self Concept o self concept becomes more complex more abstract across middle childhood start to give some psychological descriptors begin dividing self concept in multiple parts academic social emotional physical begin engaging in social comparison evaluating one s appearance abilities opinions behavior in relation to others may engage in downward social comparison to protect self esteem Self Esteem o emotional evaluation about yourself o self esteem also becomes differentiated o Development of self esteem self esteem increase steadily during middle childhood with slight drop around 12 o Influences on self esteem cultural children from cultures with emphasis on social comparison often have lower self esteem Gender US girls higher language arts boys in math science physical ability boys girls overall levels of self esteem very similar in middle childhood Race ethnicity in early childhood African American and Hispanic children have lower self esteem than Caucasian children but by the end of middle childhood self esteem increases in both groups with African American kids having the highest self esteem by age 11 more likely to have extended family with warmth learn about race and learn pride Parenting Styles authoritative parents higher self esteem controlling or authoritarian parents low self esteem make decisions for children and overprotect develop guilty and inadequacy mean critical things said to kid permissive parents unrealistically high self esteem adjustment problems In US self esteem has risen sharply as achievement has fallen antisocial narcissistic behaviors have increased Don t just praise urge kids to set goals and achieve them Influences on self esteem mastery oriented attributions credit success to high ability failure to insufficient effort leads to high self esteem and willingness to approach challenging tasks Learned helplessness credit success to external factors like luck failure to low ability leads to low self esteem anxiety in face of challenges giving up Relationships with Peers o during middle childhood children start spending more time with peers less with adults o Peer relationships highly important o during middle childhood friendships evolve but can be long lasting if high quality Stage 1 Basing Friendship on Other s Behaviors 4 7 years friends who you have fun with not based on psychological traits Stage 2 Basing Friendship on Trust 8 10 years Friends are people who are similar to you and friends trust each other Stage 3 Basing Friendship on Psychological Closeness 11 and up friends are people who you share intimate thoughts with and friends are loyal o Peer groups social units who generate values standards for behavior and a social hierarchy membership stable for short periods of time but changes from year to year as kids change classrooms kids that stay in same class 50 70 of groups stable view excluding kids as wrong less likely to do so for superficial reasons as they age are ok with excluding due to disrupting group Chapter 14 excluded kids turn to other low status kids or withdraw from peers chances to improve social skills decrease o Peer acceptance extent to which a child is viewed by a group of peers as a worthy social partner researchers use sociometric techniques to determine peer acceptance Categories of Peer acceptance popular often liked rarely disliked socially and academically skilled cooperative helpful low level of intense negative emotions rejected rarely liked often disliked Two Types rejected aggressive hostile disruptive lacking social skills rejected withdrawn socially anxious passive often bullied both may lead to academic problems depression loneliness neglected neither liked nor disliked ignored by peers shy withdrawn but good social skills happy with peer relationships even with fewer friends controversial liked by many disliked by many aggressive disruptive but also socially skilled leaders snobby bratty average some like some dislike in the middle Gender Differences in Friendship o become more flexible about gender during middle childhood o but gender segregation continues intensifies border work briefly interacting with the opposite gender group to help define boundaries between groups o boys friendship larger groups clear dominance hierarchy attempts to maintain improve statuscompetitive interactions more accepting of newcomers play outside cover large areas o girls friendship 1 2 best friends equality in status more cooperation compromising more self disclosure social support play inside or in small areas closer to school home Brain Development o continued pruning or unused synapses o growth and myelination of stimulated neurons speed up o connections between areas of the brain strengthen o maturation of the limbic system happened before maturation of the PFC emotional control not fully developed until early adulthood o neurons become more responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters more sensitive to stressful pleasurable and or novel stimuli more sensitive to oxytocin may help explain self consciousness desire to please peers Changing States of Arousal Brain Development o circadian rhythm shifts get sleepy later want to wake up later still need 9 hours but often don t get that if sleep deprived perform worse on cognitive tasks in the AM academic difficulties depression emotional outbursts more high risk behaviors auto accidents delaying start of school can help but not completely Motor Development o boys and girls are equal in improvements until puberty Then boys continued to increase in strength skill speed girls often level off or decline Why Biological differences At least some comes from gender role socialization Becoming ladylike o Girls who participate in sports during childhood and adolescence increase in positive body image perceptions of physical competence positive masculine traits correlated with higher self esteem Physical Development o adolescent growth spurt period of rapid growth when body takes on adults proportions o females start 10 5 fastest for height age 12 weight 12 5 finish 16 develop more fat in breasts hips hips widen o males