Psyc 4220 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 16 23 February 9th 1 Jean Piaget 1896 1980 a Used unstructured interview to examine how kids think b Believed cognition develops through series of stages c Schemes i Organized patterns of action thought constructed to interpret experiences 1 Ex scheme for how going to a restaurant unfolds ii Develop in two main ways 1 Organization combining simple schemes into new complex schemes 2 Adaptation adjusting to demands of environment a Occurs in 2 ways i Assimilation interpret new experiences using existing patterns of thought ii Accommodation modify existing patterns of thought to fit new experiences d Piaget s Stages of Cognitive Development i Divided development into four stages 1 Stages are invariant 2 Progress though stages due to interaction between biological maturation and experience a So some kids progress slightly faster than others 3 Babies are little scientists constantly figuring out how the world works ii Stages 1 Sensorimotor birth 2 years a Learn to coordinate senses with movement to learn about selves environment b Subdivided into six stages i Simple reflexes birth to 1 month of age 1 First schemes innate reflexes 2 Use assimilation to apply reflexive schemes to new objects in the environment ii Primary Circular Reactions 1 to 4 months 1 Discover enjoyable things on accident and then try to repeat 2 More interested in own bodies than toys iii Secondary Circular Reactions 4 to 8 months 1 Main difference focuses on outside world instead of own body iv Coordination of secondary schemes 8 to 12 months 1 Goal directed behavior several schemes combined coordinated to solve problems 2 Start doing things purposefully v Tertiary circular reactions 12 to 18 months 1 Begin to experiment actively with things in the environment 2 Actions still circular a Vary slightly to see if results are different vi Symbolic problem Solving aka beginnings of thought 18 months to 2 years 1 Develop ability to create mental representations internal images of a past event object 2 Can solve simple problems without using trial and error approach 3 Develop deferred imitation ability to imitate someone who is no longer present a Can engage in pretend play 2 Preoperational 2 7 years old 3 Concrete Operational 7 11 years old 4 Formal Operational adolescence adulthood iii Strengths of Piaget s Theory 1 Father of cognitive development 2 Stimulated research 3 Emphasized that infants were active in their cognitive development idea supported by research 4 Basic outline of cognitive development correct even if some specifics questioned iv Weakness in Piaget s Theory 1 Underestimated children s abilities 2 Failed to distinguish between competence and performance 3 Claimed broad stages exist cognitive development more continuous than that 4 Limited attention to social cultural influences 2 Object permanence a Definition understanding objects people still exist when you can t see them i Infants under 4 mo Will not reach for toy that has been covered b Underestimated by Piaget i 4 8 mo reach for partially covered toys but not completely covered toys ii From 8 12 months will look for object but 1 A not B error looking for object where last seen not in new place iii 12 18 months look for object where they see it hidden 1 But don t understand invisible displacement a i e if you pretend to put toy under paper but keep it in your hand iv By 18 months look for object where hidden without trouble c Piaget confused competence with performance i Now we believe babies may understand object permanence better than we thought ii If not required to search 3 5 4 5 months some understanding of object permanence 1 Block placed on train track car rolls and is not stopped 2 Babies stare longer at impossible events 3 Piaget may have been testing attention span searching etc February 11th 1 Language a Communication system of sounds letters gestures b Aspects of language i Phonology sound system of language 1 Phonemes smallest units of sound c Morphology rules for formation of words from sounds i Morpheme smallest meaningful units of language d Semantics meanings of language e Pragmatics rules specifying appropriate use of language f Non verbal communication skills using appropriate gestures facial expressions intonation to help convey meaning i Intonation variation in loudness pitch timing g Language development prelinguistic stage i Distinguish phonemes of all languages by 1 month 1 Lose ability by 10 12 months around the time they start speaking themselves ii Cooing 6 8 weeks repeating vowel like sounds ex aahhhhaahahh 1 Usually sound of contentment iii Babbling 4 5 months 1 year repeating consonant vowel combinations ex bababa 1 All children sound the same at first a Suggests babbling due to biological maturation not environmental experience b After approx 6 months experience begins to play a part i Deaf children fall behind begin sounding different 2 Approx 7 months begin to take turns iv 8 10 months begin using gestures to communicate 1 Often combined with sound 2 Can come to represent complete actions 3 Use of gestures increases with age complexity of speech v 10 12 months begin using specific sound for certain actions things vi Comprehension precedes production infants can understand more than they can say h Language development holophrase period i Begins around 10 14 months ii Use holophrases single words that convey many things 1 Constrained by sounds they can produce a Sounds that begin with consonants and end with vowels are easiest iii Language acquisition slow at first one word at a time 1 Use intonations and gestures 2 10 words 3 4 months after 1st word February 13th 1 Language development a Naming language explosion i 16 24 months vocabulary spurt when vocabulary expands rapidly 1 By 2 yr can produce approx 300 400 words ii Common errors 1 Underextension use word too narrowly a Ex only pet Fifi is dog 2 Overextension use word too broadly b Telegraphic period i 18 24 months 1 Begin using telegraphic speech combine 2 3 words into simple sentences a Contain only important words leave out words that aren t critical to meaning b Use some grammatical rules c Continue to use intonation and gestures 2 Theories of language development a Pure nurture the behavioral learning approach i Language is learned through reinforcements punishments modeling and imitation ii Skinner learning occurs through operant conditioning language abilities slowly shaped iii Bandura learn language