GPOSC 225 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last Lecture I. Informal Powersa. Executive Agreementb. Executive Ordersc. Emergency PowersII. Harry S Trumana. Youngstown vs. Sawyerb. Steel Mill SeizureOutline of Current LectureI. Imperial PresidencyA. Fisher ArticleB. Congressional DelegationII. Rhetorical PresidencyIII. Framer’s IntentCurrent Lecture - The PresidencyImperial Presidencya phrase coined by scholars - this didn’t always a have a negative connotation. It is the idea that the president has the powers of a king. He can act on his own authority as he considers what is best for the nation. Eventually this term was a caution against dangerous, unchecked powers It occurred primarily under● FDR - he was a strong president who pushed the boundaries of the powers of the president. The idea of a president as a strong leader is embraced, people strongly supported the idea of a president as a hero. ● TRUMAN - under truman there was a growing problem of imperial presidency and unchecked power○ The Korean War (undeclared by congress; declared by Truman)○ Steel Seizure case, seizure which is ruled “unlawful” by the Supreme CourtFisher Article is an argument to debunk the idea of the president equaling a hero. He argues that the idea is tempting (why not let the president do what is best for your country? BUt he argues that it was not the Framer’s intent and that presidents DON’T always know what is best for the country.What are the sources of these unchecked powers? PResidents will claim broad power through 1. Congressional delegation (p. 317), where congress can give away powers or ‘delegate’ them to the executive branch. THis way things get don much faster. But can congress give away all powers? a. e.g. a broad delegation like “you are now responsible for the economic well being of the nation gives extreme broad power to the president.2. Presidents will claim inherent (to the office, not explicitly stated) and emergency powersCongressional DelegationWar Power Resolution of 1973 Loss congressional power became more of an ssu with the 20th century rise of technology. Suddenly the president can command an army and mobilize it very quickly right from washington. OVertime Congress had given the president authority from being Commander in Chief only during wartime (once congress declared war) to having absolute control of the military. - E.g. Nixon impounded $ designated to be spent per specifications of a bill- Nixon also bombed cambodia and burma without authorization from CongressThe main purpose of the War Power Resolution of 1973 is that it intended to place new restraints on president’s exercise of war power. Something the very resolution is unconstitutional because it limits the delegation of a power given to congress in eh constitution. How can they make a resolution about something they can’t delegate to the president? Rhetorical PResidency and PResidential PowerHow should we model presidential power? Is it just the power to persuade like Wildavsky says it is? ● However:It’s harder to eld and persuade in domestic policy because the President is negotiating with Congress. ● The President had more power in foreign affairs because there are different public expectations (See fisher article), were citizens expect congress to fix a problem. ○ think of concentration ca of Japanese americans. The expectation of the president to fix the problem brings political power. ● In domestic policy the Resident must deal with interest groups as opposed to the weaker interestgroup structure in foreign affairs.● The president has limited authority over executive branch agencies so limited authority in domestic policy.● There is also an ideal and domestic policy where citizens are quick to blame the resident whereas● In foreign policy we are more likely to “rally around the flag” or develop an “us-vs-them” in foreign policy. ● Foreign policy generates less immediate opposition, the policy is judged as it plays out over time.○ eg. Obama’s war strategy in Afghanistan vs the his Healthcare Policy.So how effective is presidential rhetoric - or his power to persuade? It’s just not that simple There are other factors of leadership, but the central idea of presidential rhetoric is that the president’s ability to connect with voters matters, so that h syasmaters because the presidential image and voice can change public opinion which in turn changes/ sways congress. - “going public” - i se ue of public appearance, speeches, press conferences by the president aimed to sell policy agenda to the public so that the public pressures congress to act. - e.g. fireside chat.s- Presidential travel becomes a symbol of power, of the nation. - going public is one strategy, as opposed to more private behind-the-scenes persuasion of phone calls to congressmen from President, the pressure/persuasion of individual congress members. Note: Travel. Why do we take all of these safety precautions for the president in travel? There is an er line of succession if something were to happen to him… The way he travels adds to the image of presidential power. However fundamentally according to George Edwards, what matters most in elections is not the rhetorical power of the presidency, but the actual elections and how americans feel about the president.IN other words if Americans have a good life, they will support the president. Scholars will the label that president as a good