GPOSC 225 1st Edition Lecture 25Outline of Last Lecture I. Properties of American Political Opiniona. Political Ideology and Coherence of Public OpinionII. Bureaucracy and Interest GroupsIII. Administrative Procedure ActIV. Delegation and Rule MakingV. Policy Implementation and Red TapeOutline of Current Lecture I. Voting and NonvotingII. Voter TurnoutIII. CItizents United CaseIV. Interest GroupsV. LobbyingCurrent Lecture - Voting and NonvotingThere is an expansion of suffrage. FRANCHIZE: is the right to vote, and is expanded in three periods. 1. The states change the laws regarding property qualification requirements to vote:from having to be (1) male and (2) own property. 2. Expansion of suffrage after the civil war with the passage of the 15th amendment. in 1870 they prohibited states from denying the vote to to men i servitude, etc. AKA this amendment extended the right to vote to black males. 3. The 19th amendment around 1920 extended the vote to women.4. 26th amendment also changes voter eligibility roles slightly by saying anyone over 18 years is eligible, but this didn’t change things in the same way as the above three. Voter Turnout in the States is very low. Why? because of the nature of how we run elections.1. We have a lot of elections - election fatigue. 2. You must register to vote 30 days before an election. FOr a lot of people, life interferes - if they can’t get to the DMV.a. this affects some groups of people more than others- more the poor and the working poor. Therefore those with education are more likely to expend energy navigating the political environment. b. There has been controversy in past years: should we have a requirement for a photo ID. Democrats think this disenfranchises democrat voters since they are more likely to not have a photo ID. c. Table On p. 232 ranks the US below about 14 democracies in terms of registered voter turnoutd. some changes in state legislation have improved this, like larger voting windows to lowerbarriers or cost of voting. Why don’t young adults vote? 1. programs and government action have much less impact on young than the old e.g. healthcare, retirement, tax reform. 2. young people are mobile-- starting a life and not yet concerned with government affairs. Who votes? Education is the greatest socioeconomic predictor. There are three predictors total…? Citizens United Case How are corporations covered under the 14th amendment which extends rights to individuals. If you claim corporations are treated as people they should have the same rights as people. This was a very controversial ruling. Interest groupsNot all potential interests are organized - more well funded groups are better organized, businesses, professionals etc. To be well represented you must have a continuous presence which requires (1) money and (2) organization. Free Rider: someone who benefits from a public good without having to pay for it. Public good: a non-excludable good. (e.g clean air. Everyone gets to breathe it. e.g. Toll-free road. WHy mention this under interest groups? Take the clean air e.g. How does the government overcome the free rider problem? IT can tax you, force you to pay taxes. BUt interest groups for clean air, say they have a $50 fee to join, but I won’t bother joining but I’ll still benefit from the public good they generate. -e.g. interest groups like AAA giver services/ material benefits. THe more people you have as an interest group the more likely you are to gain traction by lobbying. LobbyingInside - when interest groups (lobbyists) lobby directly to legislators/agencies (bureaucracies)Outside - when interest groups try to appeal to the public: via email, protest, pressure agencies in mass. Litigation - (least frequently used) is going to court. This is expensive and has a very uncertain