Psyc 220 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Chapters 13 – 15, & ReviewChapter 111. Different means of chemical communication1. Neurocrine1. talking about a neuron sending a signal across a synapse2. involves chemical release and diffusion across a synapse3.2. Pheromones1. hormones that can be used to communicate between individuals of the same species 2. released into the environment1. ex. Dogs marking territory release pheromones in urine2. females living together sync their menstrual cycles bc of it3. Allomone1. chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species1. ex. enabling species like bees to pollinate 4. Autocrine1. (aka auto receptor) the cell releases a chemical (autocrine) that acts on that same cell; regulating its own function. Auto-receptors sense the amount of neurotransmitters in the synapse and tell thecell whether to increase or decrease firing2.5. Paracrine1. of, relating to, or denoting a hormone that has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it.2. the released chemical diffuses to nearby target cells3. released by cell moving from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration4.6. Endocrine1. a hormone is released into the bloodstream to act on target tissues2.7. Neuroendocrine communication1. You can send a signal from a neuron that then release these hormones into the blood stream and they are going to act on target cells. Ex. Stress response, HPA axis, brain releasing nasopressin (antidiuretic hormone,) or oxytocin 2. Relating to or involving both nervous stimulation and endocrine secretion.3.2. Principles of hormone action 1. Act in a gradual fashion; long-lasting changes2. Change intensity or probability of behavior (not just an on/off switch)3. Reciprocal relationship between hormones and environment4. Have multiple effects on difference cells, organs, behaviors5. Produced in small amounts, secreted in bursts 6. Often very rhythmically throughout the day7. Interactions between hormones8. Functions served by hormones differ by species9. Hormones can only affect cells possessing receptor proteins1. Similarities to neurotransmitters: 1. Certain neurotransmitters and hormones have similar origins (ex. amino acid derivatives). 2. Some hormones, as well as the neurotransmitters, are produced by the tissues in the central nervous system3. Some molecules act as both hormones and neurotransmitters. Ex. norepinephrine is released into the blood by the adrenal glands as a hormone, but it also released as a neurotransmitter by sympathetic nerve endings2. Differences:1. Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers found in the nervous system that specifically do the transmission across the synaptic cleft, where the space exists between two axons. After neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, they diffuse into postsynaptic cleft, where they bind to receptor proteins and stimulate the postsynaptic membrane. Some common examples for neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, dopamine and noradrenaline.2. Hormones are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system and are transported by blood to distal target cells. Organs that produce and secrete hormones are called glands, while the organs they affect are called target organs. Hormones are able to stimulate a specific set of cells that are located somewhere else and have no direct connection with their glands. The main endocrine glands that release hormones are pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, ovaries and testes. Each gland releases a specific hormone or several hormones, which help to regulate body activities. 3. What are the different classes of hormones? Examples of each? (Especially ones we have talked about in class!)1. Protein hormones1. A lot of hormones important for puberty are protein hormones. Made up on amino acids. Can be regulated based on our diet (NT are made from the amino acids we take in in terms of our diet)2.3. ACTH, FSH, LH, Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Insulin, Glucagon, Oxytocin, Vasopressin, 2. Amine Hormones1. Think about them as dealing with stress2. Epinephrine (adrenaline), Norephinephrine (NE), Thyroid hormones, Melatonin3.3. Steroid Hormones1. Tend to have different rings that look similar in terms of shape. Chemical makeup is going to be determined based on what their function is.2. Gonadal – Estrogens (e.g. estradiol), Progestins (progesterone), Androgens (e.g. testosterone)3. Adrenal – Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol), mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)4.4. Why is the pituitary the “Master Gland”? How is this gland controlled by the hypothalamus? What hormones are released by each part? 1. The pituitary gland is sometimes called the "master" gland of the endocrine system because it controls the functions of many of the other endocrine glands. - How is the gland controlled by the hypothalamus?2. The hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary to release or inhibit pituitary hormone production.1.2.- What hormones are released by each part?3. Is no larger than a pea, and is located at the base of the brain attached to the hypothalamus – has 2 parts—the anterior lobe and posterior lobe—that have two very separate functions.1. Anterior pituitary gland - composed of glandular tissue and synthesizes six hormones1. Releases growth hormone – stimulates growth 2. Releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (THS)– stim. Thyroid3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – stim. Adrenal cortex4. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) – stimulates growth of ovaries and testes5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – secretion of sex hormones by gonads6. Prolactin – stimulates milk secretion by mammary glands2. Posterior pituitary gland - composed of neural tissue and can be considered an extension of the hypothalamus1. Releases oxytocin – Increased release during sexual pleasure – especially orgasm, Causes state of relaxation, lack of anxiety, Thought to facilitate pair bond between mating partners  also mother and child, uterine contractions, and mammillary gland to release milk2. Releases vasopressin (AVP) – stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys, constriction of blood vessels. Synthesized in hypothalamus, Released by posterior pituitary, Facilitates long-term pair bonds5. What are the different sex hormones? In which sex are they most prevalent? What are themain functions? What are the main sex differences in the endocrine system?- Androgens and estrogens influence activity in many brain areas and alter