Test 1 Study guide Geology 101 Fall 2014Topics to review: (Know the what-why-when-how and possible examples of thefollowing items)Atmosphere-Lithosphere-Hydrosphere + BiosphereSolar systemDynamic planet• Closed system - a system that only exchanges energy across its boundary• Open system - a system that will exchange both matter and energy across itsboundary• Dynamic system - a system in which matter & energy react• Dynamic only means Reactive and Ever-changing1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics• Physical Laws– Whatever you do, you can NEVER break these laws• First and Second Laws of thermodynamics• First Law (Conservation)– Energy (matter) is neither created nor destroyed, but only changes form• Second Law (Entropy)Systems move from High energy states to Low energy states (sometimes referred to as“equilibrium”)-2nd Law helps explain water flows downhill, unstable minerals react, dynamics of earth,process of differentiationDifferentiation – solar system to terrestrial- Lecture 2 PPTCommon elements in earth’s crust compared to whole earth Earth’s internal heatConvection- Lecture 2 PPTTectonic platesTypes of crust, their properties and how this influences plate tectonics, magma, etc1. Continental Crust- thicker, less dense, older, 2. Oceanic Crust- Thinner, More dense, Younger, composed of Basalt, 3 Plate boundaries, types of forces and their subcategories; examples of each1. Divergent Boundary- Spreading apart Ex. Mid Ocean Ridge, Iceland2. Convergent Boundary- Plates move towards each otherOceanic-continental crust-SubductionOceanic-oceanic crust-SubductionContinental to continental crust-Collision• Subduction:-Denser crust dives (subducts) under less dense crust-Oceanic crust subducts under continental crust-Older (cooler and more dense) oceanic crust subducts under younger (warmer and less dense) oceanic crust• Collision – continental to continental crust,Neither subducts under one another3. Transform Boundary- Plates move laterally past each other, Ex. SanAndreasFault-Features of the various plate boundariesDivergent Boundary• In oceans– Volcanism– Undersea mountain ranges (ridges)• On continents– Some volcanism– Rift valleysTransform -EarthquakesEvidence of plate tectonics• Modern distribution of volcanoes, mountain building, earthquakes• Magnetic orientation of minerals in rocks• Ages of rocks at divergent boundariesHow and why plates movePlates move because intense heat in the Earth's core that causes molten rock in themantle layer to moveMantle – crust - core3 categories of rocks and rock cycle (know the parts of this diagram and what itmeans/suggests)- Subduction zone Convergent -Volcanism (New rocks)-Earthquakes-Island ArcsMountain ranges (Volcanic in origin)• Collision: Earthquake, Mtn. RangesRock Types: Igneous Rocks , Sedimentary Rocks, Metamorphic RocksWhat is a mineral? What is a rock?• Mineral-Naturally occurring inorganic solid, with a definite crystal structure andspecific chemical formula• Rocks- Aggregate of mineralsElements – atoms – ions (cations versus anions)-Cations lose electrons; Anions gain electronsNeutrons – protons – electrons: their properties, organization and how they influenceelementsIsotopes-Elements that have several varieties of different massAtomic number- An element is defined by the number of Protons. Atomic Mass-the number of Protons + NeutronsBonding – how it happens; types of bonds?•Ionic bonding – electrostatic forces, can be broken (ex. dissolving salt in water)•Covalent bonding – very strong bonds, example: H2O; O2•Metallic bonds – freely moving electrons in outer shells. What do you call freeflowing electrons?•van der Waals – weak electrostatic forces (not related to electrons)Complex anionsMineral groups- on paper notesSilica Tetrahedral- SiO4SiO4 shapes (isolated, single chain; double chain; sheets; 3-d structures) and keysilicate minerals that represent these SiO4 structures)Polymorphs-Minerals that have the same formula but different crystal structurePhysical properties of minerals• Luster – how it reflects light• Color – not very diagnostic in many cases• Streak – color of powdered residue• Cleavage – preferred planes of weakness– Bonds!• Hardness – resistance to scratching• Special properties – taste, smell, magnetism, effervescenceMoh’s scale of hardness (know the minerals and their hardness)Ferromag (mafic) minerals versus Sialic (felsic) minerals – why/how/whatFerromag (Mafic)• Silicate minerals rich in iron and magnesium– Relatively high density and higher crystallization temperatures– Olivine – Isolated SiO4 Tetrahedra– Pyroxenes – Single Chains– Amphiboles – Double Chains– Mica – biotite – Sheet silicatesSialic (Felsic)• Silicate minerals rich in silicon and aluminum– Relatively low densities and low crystallization temperatures– Quartz – Framework Silicates– Feldspars - Framework Silicates• Potassium feldspar• Plagioclase feldspar– Mica – muscovite – Sheet silicatesRelationship of temperature to mineral crystallization – which silicates form at highertemperatures? What types of SiO4 structures do they have• Non-silicate minerals, in general, form at lower temperature and pressure conditions than do silicate minerals• Ferromag silicate minerals form at higher temperatures than do Sialic minerals-Ferromags – high in Fe and Mg (as well as Ca)-Sialic – high in Si, Al and O, little or no Fe, Mg, CaRocks – how do we classify themBy TEXTURE and COMPOSITION.Texture and compositionTexture – the size, shape and arrangement of crystals Composition-(mineralogy) of the magma and hence rocksIgneous rocks – what are they? How do they form? What are their characteristics?• “From Fire”• Crystallization of Magma/Lava• Silicate minerals dominate; some oxides2 categories of igneous rocks – how does each form and how does this influencetexture?Plutonic (intrusive) versus Volcanic (extrusive)– Extrusive (Volcanic)• Lava at or very near the earth’s surface• Rapid cooling male crystals small, interlocking, not visible– Intrusive (Plutonic)• Magma at depth in earth’s crust• Slow Cooling make it large, visible interlocking crystalsTexture: Phaneritic, aphanetic, pophyries; vesicular; phenocrystsComposition: Mafic, intermediate, felsicMafic- Magma that is high in Ferromag mineralsIntermediate- Magma that is intermediate in