HIST 2020 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10-17Lecture 10 (February 12)The Great DepressionTalk about why the Great Depression happened and some consequences.Reasons the Great Depression happened:1) There were low wages and decreased consumption which led to economic declines.2) The stock market crashed on October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday).3) People in America were urbanized; they weren’t self-sufficient like old farmers had been.Consequences:1) Manufacturers cut production and laid off workers.2) There was low employment which led to less spending. Thus, the economy kept weakening.3) Banks started to fail.Describe the Dust Bowl and its effects:- The Dust Bowl was severe dry spells, droughts, and dust storms in the Midwest in the 1930s because of recent agriculture practices. It was a result of the Dawes and Homestead Act.- The storms destroyed houses and cars, and it caused dust pneumonia. Many people moved to California.What are Hoovervilles?Hoovervilles are shanty towns, tent cities, and shacks that form communities. They are makeshift housing consisting of cartons, old newspapers, and cloth. They are named after President Hoover.Lecture 11 (February 19) World War IIExplain why World War II is often referred to as “the Good War.”World War II is often called “the Good War” because it provided jobs in America and a better job economy. Ultimately, it ended the Great Depression. It also ended the Holocaust. What caused Japan to surrender to America in World War II?- In 1945 Enola Gay, an American B-29 Super Fortress bomber, dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Japan didn’t immediately surrender so America dropped another bomb on Nagasaki shortly after. This caused Japan to surrender.Discuss a few other key concepts we discussed in class regarding World War II.1. Rosie the Riveter was a woman on magazines with her sleeves rolled up and her biceps bulging and became a symbol for the recruitment of women. She’s commonly a symbol of feminism and women’s increasing economic opportunity.2. The Double V Campaign was where African Americans said that the country was fighting for Victory abroad and in America. Basically, America was fighting World War II AND the war on racism so it would be a double victory.3.Executive Order 9066 found many Japanese Americans and evacuated them. The Japanesehad to live in a camp under supervision.Lecture 12 (February 26)The 1950sTalk about containment and Joseph McCarthy.Containment is a term that refers to the containment of communism and hating of the spread of it around the time of World War II. Joseph McCarthy was a Republican senator from Wisconsin who served as a public and feared voice of anticommunism in the 1950s. So, he supported containment and was one of its strongest advocates.What is (a) Levittown?- Levittown is a suburban subdivision built in Long Island, New York, in the 1950s in response to the postwar housing shortage. Subsequent Levittowns were built in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. They were very affordable and showed middle class status.African Americans were often not allowed.Lecture 13 (March 12)The 1960sTalk about Bays of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis:The Bay of Pigs was a supported CIA mission to kill Fidel Castro. President Kennedy recruited Cuban exiles to do this. They were trained by CIA. Insurgents were defeated by Castro after 3 days. It was an embarrassing defeat to Americans.The Cuban Missile Crisis was where Castro invited the Soviet Union to install short and intermediate range missiles in his country to protect against further US invasion. It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a nuclear war.Talk about the Great Society:- The Great Society was Lyndon Johnson’s vision of social, economic, and cultural progress in the United States. It included Head Start, Medicare, Upward Bound, JobCore, etc.- PROS: It increased quality of life and reduced poverty.- CONS: It was expensive, government interference, and poverty was still a problem.What was counterculture?- Young cultural rebels of the 1960s who rejected conventional moral and sexual values and used drugs to reach a higher consciousness were considered part of counterculture. These so-called hippies bonded together in their style of clothes and taste in rock ‘n roll music.Lecture 14 (March 19)The 1970sTalk about Vietnamization and Vietnam Syndrome. Also talk about Malaise and what led to these feelings.Vietnamization was a strategy of taking US forces out of Vietnam and adding Vietnamese responsibility issued by President Nixon.Vietnam Syndrome was the general mood of the 1970s. It relates to loss of faith in government and foreign policy.Malaise is the feeling of unease or depression used to describe the 1970s. One cause of this feeling was stagflation, which described the economy at the time. This meant that theeconomy was stagnant; employment went down and prices went up.What was the “Crisis of Confidence” and how the public felt about it?“Crisis of Confidence” is the 1979 speech given by President Jimmy Carter about that nation’s energy crisis and accompanying recession we watched in class. It lifted his rating at first butdrew criticism from many Americans after a while. It is considered ill-received.Lecture 15 (March 26)The 1980sDiscuss the Omnibus Reconciliation Act and trickle-down economics:The Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981 is a bill that mandated funding: it cut spending onwelfare, food stamps, education, health, housing, environment, etc. It was a reduction of alot of New Deal programs and unraveled Johnson’s Great Society. It was a part of Reaganomics.Trickle-Down Economics was another part of Reaganomics. It is the idea that economic benefits provided to businesses and upper income levels, or money appropriated by government via taxation, will indirectly benefit poorer members of society when the resources inevitably "trickle down" to them.What were some other events we discussed that occurred in the 1980s?- “War on Drugs” started, and federal money was used to stop drug trafficking.- Nancy Reagan launched “Just Say No.”- ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) was formed. They campaigned in 1989 for better funding of programs to fight the disease.Lecture 16 (April 2)The 1990sTalk about Operation Desert Storm:Operation Desert Storm was the strategic bombing on Iraq people in Kuwait. It was a quickvictory over Iraq and made American people very supportive of George H. W. Bush at the