Nasal- noseOral- mouthCervical- narrowing of body in between two bulbous things (head-to-thorax)Acromial- part of boneAxillary- armpitAbdominal- inferior to chest, but ends at top of hipBrachial- armAntecubital- where blood is drawnAntebrachial- forearmPelvic- pelvisCarpal- wrist bonesPollex- thumbPalmar- palmDigital- fingersPubic- genital regionPatellar- anterior kneeCrural- shinPedal- footTarsal- ankleDigital- toesHallux- big toeFibular/peroneal- side of legFemoral-thighInguinal- lateral and superior to genital region (inner thigh connects to torso)Mental- chin, covers mentalus muscleBuccal- check, named after muscleOrbital- eyeFrontal- foreheadCephalic- entire headCranial- upper part of head (brain box)Otic- earOccipital- back of headVertebral- spinal columnScapular- shoulder bladeAcromial- out growth of scapular regionOlecranal- protuberance of elbowLumbar- lower backSacral- between hipsInfused group of five vertebraePerineal- between anus and external geniteliaPopliteal- back of kneeSural- calfCalcaneal- heelPlantar- soleCoxal- side of hipUmbilical- around belly buttonMammary- under nippleThoracic- inferior to neckSternal- breastboneLecture 1 (January 22, 2015)Lecture series IAnatomy- formPhysiology- function; how all work togetherGross- large, can pick up and view…. Brain, heart, biceps, boneSystemic- organ systems- composed of like organsOrgan- made up of 2+ types of tissues, has an overall functionHistology- four major tissues, collection of like cells, structure of tissueEpithelial cells- skinConnective tissueMuscular tissueNervous tissueCell biology- light/electron microscope; physical properties of light lose resolving power (distinguish two points)Smaller than wavelength of light must use electron microscopeMust use negative field… nucleus…ribonucleus…proteinBiologically- animals= humans; legally humans are not animalsFrontal/coronal- front and backTransverse- top and bottomSagittal/median- left and rightAnatomical position- supination, all have a reference pointPara- next toCranial- top of head, top part of skullCaudal- tail, closer to tail boneProximal/distal- limbsViscerce- organs, all organs in chest/abdominal cavityLecture I (January 27, 2015)Continued….Chemical levels- most atoms (4)HydrogenOxygenCarbonNitrogen95% of body made up of atomsAverage adult 2/3 waterCellular level- skeletal muscle most abundant (cell made of molecules)Tissue- groups of individual cellsOrgan level- hollow organs, if muscular component to wall can move (not all blood vessels have smooth muscle)Capillary/blood vessel- holds somethingMove hot blood to surface of body, to cool self downCold- will restrict blood from skin (conserve heat)System- blood circulates through systemCell in body no more than 2-3 cells away from being a capillaryCardiac muscle only in heartNO smooth muscle in heartOrganism- all systems come together, if one system fades then all dieReproductive systemAllow to create childrenAll start out as femaleIf XY chromosome develops male genitalTestes, sperm equivalent to female ovariesCardiovascular systemAllows blood to flowTransports nutrients, oxygen and CO2Red blood marrowPulmonary artery- pumps in oxygenated bloodArtery- takes blood away from heartVein- to heartMyocardial infarcted- blockage in cardiac arteries, begins to die= hart attackCardiac circuit- pumps blood to tissues in heartPulmonary circulation- when blood is oxygenatedSystemic circuitBlood away from heart jugularVena cava blood to heartHeart divided into two halvesPulmonarySystemic(2 pumps in one left/right)Left- half of heart thicker- oxygenated bloodgoes to body (systemic); capillary bed (blood diffuses) veins- has now given up oxygen and goes toRight half of heart pumpsenters pulmonary circuitundergoes diffusion (oxygenated blood) goes to left (recirculates)Skeletal SystemJointsBonesSoft tissue (scaffolding of body)Stiff structure of bodyOrgans directly/indirectly attachEqual part of movement in body = dependent on muscleStorage of calcium/phosphate to keep in narrow limits (regulated)Muscular SystemSmooth (heart is only organ with no smooth muscle)CardiacSkeletalMost weight in skeletal muscleMovement of bones and organsNervous SystemBreak into two partsCNS2. PNSCNSBrainSpinal cordIncased in boneKing of bodyTake info through systemInvoluntary infoIntegration- take in sensory input, make decisionGroup of cells in networkPNSAny part that extends away from brain/spinal cord1. Cranial- migrate away from brain, most exit part of skullAnatomy and Physiology (January 29, 2015)Lecture series 1Integumentary systemVital system to bodyMost think about how the skin appears, many don’t think about functionsCritical for function of bodyOne organ system = one organLargest organ of body +/- 11lbsProtection (of inner organs, bacterial invasion)ElasticWithout skin, immune system would be overwhelmedSweat (can shift blood around)ThermoregulationEndotherms- maintain in narrow limitsEndocrine systemLoose confederation of organs that aren’t connectedLike nervous system, is a control systemIn order to make everything corporate, must have different things happening at different rates/waysNervous system and endocrine controllersMajor functions to produce hormonesHormone- organic chemical, made by epithelial cellsReleased by endocrine gland into blood streamSpecifically bind to receptor, made by target tissue in organSets in motion change in physiology of target cell/tissueGlands made up of epitheliumGlandsPineal gland- makes hormone melatonin (amino acid)Pituitary gland- “master gland” produces 12 important hormones (proteins), regulates other endocrine glandsThyroid gland- “butterfly shaped” produces thyroid hormones (amino acid tyrosine- only molecule that associates with iodine),Main function is regulation of metabolic rate (37C to 98.6F)Thyroid too low, gain weight easilyThyroid over active, hard time gaining body weightThymus gland- makes thymosin, regulates immune systemAdrenal gland- on top of renal system (on top of kidney), nothing to do with kidneyCollection of hormones called steroids (all derived from cholesterol)Steroids provide ability to regulate minerals and salt levelsRegulate ability to handle stressPancreas gland- makes hormone insulinInsulin- allows to regulate blood sugar levelsGoes throughout body, messages to cells to suck glucose out of bloodGonads gland- part of reproductive system as well as endocrineIn men produces testosteroneIn women produces