URBST 0080 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide2/26/15: Suburbanization/Migration1920s- Sunbelt states began to grow due to the idea of family vacationso Tampa, Miami, etc.1945-1960- Rapid growth of these states- Migration of people from frost belt (rust belt) to the sunbelt (gun belt)- During WWII, US was heavily involvedo Industries began to develop to support war effort (military aircraft production, ship building)o All of the manufacturing couldn’t be in one place; shipbuilding began to develop in Tampa, San Diego, etc.o Military aircraft in southern stateso People migrated to these places for new jobso Gun belt: mass migration to new production cities- Federal government had to build infrastructure in these new populous cities where the new plants were located - Many men were away at war, women had to enter the workforceo Factory owners, etc. don’t know how to deal with women Suburbanization- Occurred after the war- Population increased dramaticallyo Increase in birthrate  Couples were ready to have families because of prosperity of the US o Death rate decreased  Positive medical developments from war (antibiotics, etc.)- VA provided loans for veterans to buy houses with no money down - Needed larger homes to support larger families - Cities couldn’t accommodate everybody- Federal highway construction programs o 1956 Interstate Highway System Act Connected cities and suburbs  Facilitate movement of people away from the city in case of Cold War tensions coming to a head Built wide enough for airplanes to land - Tract houses, William Leavitt -1940so Built housing for war-related industries during the war, had to build very quickly for everyone who was moving thereo Refused to sell to African Americanso New population was going to grow when the war was over, so built a community of these houses  First town in Long Island, Levittown  People camped out to get the houses o Built one outside Philadelphia o Came up with the idea for modern housing, all look the same o Eliminated idea of vernacular architecture Meaning typical of an area or region - It was the ideal - Beginnings of women’s movement3/3/15: Urban Renewal 1940s- Pittsburgh was leader in number of corporate headquarters (US Steel, Westinghouse, Mellon Bank, etc.)- Richard K. Mellono Heir to Mellon Bank, Consol Energy and Gulf Oilo Concerned about state of Pittsburgh (dirty and polluted)o Gathered together CEOs in region to address problems of pollution, flooding and the pointo Allegheny Conference of Community Development 1943 Private initiative, goal was to economically develop the region Devoted to research, planning, community improvement and economic development of the region  Nonpartisan, nonprofit organization  25 white, republican men, 13 born near Pittsburgh, 19 went to Harvard, Yale andPrinceton, 17 were Protestant Christian, 1 Jew  Worked with government officials  Took care of major problems: flooding, pollution, the point  Pennsylvania Urban Redevelopment Act passed- Gave municipalities the power of eminent domain o Municipalities had the power to declare an area was blighted, land could be sold Hill District- Low income, diverse neighborhood in Pittsburgh- Eminent domain: lower hill was declared blighted, land sold to private o 5,000-8,000 people displaced, 12 churches destroyed, 5 schools and a convento Civic Arena opened in 1961 - 60% of residents displaced by urban renewal were African AmericanSPRING BREAK3/17/15: Regional Economic Development1946: US provided world with 60% of iron and steel, by 1978 dropped to 16%- Foreign steel production was so effective and inexpensive that US began to import it be cause it was cheaper1970: 26% of labor force involved in industry, 28% in Pittsburgh; by 1990, 12%- Pittsburgh: drop in population, increase in unemployment, drop in income 3/19/15: Tour3/24/15: Economic Development in Low Income Communities 1960s- The Great Society: legislation passed under LBJ- 1964: Economic Opportunity Acto Created office of economic opportunity o HeadStart, VISTA, Legal Aide- War on Poverty o Community Action Program: allocated federal dollars to certain places, community had to be involved to decide where the dollars go 1974: Community Development Act (Gerald Ford)- Combined funding from all different urban grant programs into one lump sum: Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)- Would be given to a city, city would decide how to allocate it; decisions were made at the municipal level so it was more efficient - Led to development of Community Development Corporations o Local nonprofits focused on revitalizing a particular neighborhood, done at the local level - Main Street Program: combines historic preservation with economic development (E. Carson St. in Southside) o Helps leverage other money if designated a main street community Public Housing Community- Enormous public housing communities that functioned as isolated communities - Turned into horrible places to live; isolated, management was corrupt; units were in awful shape, etc. - HOPE 6: Clinton Administration (1993) established this program to change nature in public housing o Physical improvements, management improvements, social programso Meant to be mixed income and mixed 3/25/15: Tour3/31/15: Code of the Street discussion/Economic developmentGreenfield: previously undeveloped land (farm)Infill: developed infrastructureBrownfield: an abandoned, idled or underused industrial or commercial site (previously infill) where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination - Gas station, any site that was a factory - Incredibly expensive to check for contamination, tends to prevent redevelopment - Greenlining: banks did not want to loan money to developers developing brownfield sites because if it is contaminated, they might scrap the project, lose the money and not be able to pay it back - Government realized they needed to prevent greenlining so that communities weren’t stuck with brownfields that harvested crime, etc. o Superfund: federal money used to clean up brownfield sites - Liability is a huge issue: if someone gets sick years down the road, who’s to blame, etc. 4/7/15: MovieTo Prevent urban sprawl:- Change zoning laws- Build traditional neighborhoods- Invest in cities4/14/15: New Urbanism/ReviewNew Urbanism: development of community based on traditional neighborhoods, can be built on greenfield sites in sprawl