URBNST 0083 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 111/8/15: Early History of the City1600s-1840/60: Preindustrial, commerce and trade1840/60-1920/50: Industrial, manufacturing1950s-today: post industrial, servicePreindustrial- 1790: first censuso Only 5% of population lived in urban spaces, by the end 10%- Urban Place: a place with 2,500 people o All cities located near a body of watero Centers of tradeo Centers of defense  Manhattan had batteries, forts  had to protect against sea forces Wall Street: once was an actual wall for protectiono Educational centerso Where one went for information (news spread by word of mouth)o Government centerso Religious headquarters- Trade: major function of citieso Colonies primarily exported agricultural goods Timber, tobacco, rice, etc.o Import manufactured products/luxury products Glass, cloth/tea, coffee, sugar- Hinterlando The area surrounding the cityo Agriculture, basically grew/made what they needed and lived off of it- City Hierarchy: our class differences derived from these classeso Highest: importers, bankers, merchants, shopkeeperso Middle (largest): craftsmen, artisans (making goods) Highly skilled, made every part of a good from start to finisho Lowest: unskilled workers, sailors, domestic workers- Populationo Western/Northern European descent  Scotland, Ireland, Germany, France, England o Expanded through immigration Huge numbers coming from Western Europeo Birth rates increasedo Healthier diet led to lower death rate- Labor in marketso Needed people to buy products and needed them to have the money to do soo Needed people to manufacture goods- Changes in technologyo Transportation Steamboat: allowed boats to move against wind/currents- 1820: 69 steamboats, 1865: 757 steamboats Canals: manmade waterways, built to connect water- Erie canal: NYC to Great Lakes, lowered cost of transportation- Important for a short period of time  Railroads 1840s-50s: solved problems, got government funding for construction and some from foreign sources- Cities wanted railroad stations, huge for development- Southern Citieso Cotton exported to Europe, turned into cloth, sent back to stateso Weren’t concerned about labor saving devices because of slaveryo Southern cities didn’t grow as a result- Denver & San Franciscoo Gold and silver, people flocked and these cities grew rapidlyo Primarily men so people wanted to move out and build taverns, general stores1/13/15 Preindustrial  Early 1900sWirth: - Academic scholar at the University of Chicago (first department of sociology in the United States); Chicago School- Defines a city as big population, high population density and social heterogeneityo Diverse in all regards (religion, age, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic class, etc.)o Advantages: more tolerant when you’re around people who are different o Disadvantages: less familiarity of people, don’t have close ties o Accommodating the average: the more people you have, the more you have to accommodate the average Tonnies: 1880s- Gemeinschaft communities: small towns, rural areas, small communities, small number of people spread out but know each othero Behave in certain ways because you know what is expected of you, everyone agrees on whatis right and what is wrong, everyone knows everybody elseo Ex.: Amish communities- Gesellschaft: big citieso Densely packed, self-interest is paramount Preindustrial Cities- City leaders would lay out streets, usually on a grido Had to get around topography (Philly was flat—easy, Pittsburgh was hilly, swampy—had to figure out how to fit grids)- Small, long plots of lands but bigger plots of land away from city for farmingo Safer to have them close together, protect each other from Native Americans, fear of the unknown- Commons: area in the middle of the town for common activities (militia training, church, gatherings)- Washington, DCo L’Enfant hired by DC to create city plan, laid out as seat of government o 3 central spaces instead of 1 for different branches of government - Preindustrial cities were walking citieso Boston: grew along river, couldn’t grow too far from where activity was because everyone had to walk to get placeso Everyone lived near each other no matter socioeconomic class, race, etc. Differences in socioeconomic class where visible by how they lived, not where they lived- Wealthy could afford fine arts, imports, etc.- Very poor lived in shacks  In taverns, people of all classes mingled with each other, exchanged information, etc.- Cities were filthyo No sewage system Outhouses and chamber pots emptied into streets o No municipal services (garbage)o Some streets were muddy, some were cobblestone o Feral pigs brought into city to take care of waste- Middle class growtho Family as an economic unit In rural areas, whole family contributed to agricultureo Roles of women changed dramatically  Men were out in the workplace, the woman was at home  Had to take care of the husband and children; in charge of morals of family, guide husband Raise patriotic citizens o Children  For the first time, seen as different than adults, beings who had different needs (to play, etc.) Field of pediatrics developed within 50 yearso Cult of domesticity  New middle class values that began to develop Not necessarily good for women- No right to vote; land went to first son, not widows- Became more and more marginalized - Development of Municipal Services, mid 19th century o Law enforcement, schools, firefighters, trash & sewage services, etc.o Preindustrial cities relied on volunteers to provide serviceso People were resistant to give money to local governments for these services  Recent revolutionary war, didn’t like being taxed by the British o Reasons it worked As cities were growing, multiple crises occurred that affected everybody- Major city fires (everything was made of wood)- Epidemic diseases (tuberculosis, cholera) Concerns about the economy- People wouldn’t trade with a city affected with an epidemic Growing middle class (cult of domesticity, new values)- No longer accepting the filth, sensibilities began to change o Fire departments developed second half of 19th centuryo Water systems by end of 19th century o Caring for dependent citizens The elderly, sick, physically and mentally disabled, orphans Established almshouses around 1830s- Designed to take care of a cities dependent citizens, by the end of