URBST 0080 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide 2 26 15 Suburbanization Migration 1920s Sunbelt states began to grow due to the idea of family vacations o Tampa Miami etc 1945 1960 Rapid growth of these states Migration of people from frost belt rust belt to the sunbelt gun belt During WWII US was heavily involved o Industries began to develop to support war effort military aircraft production ship building o All of the manufacturing couldn t be in one place shipbuilding began to develop in Tampa San Diego etc o Military aircraft in southern states o People migrated to these places for new jobs o Gun belt mass migration to new production cities Federal government had to build infrastructure in these new populous cities where the new plants were located Many men were away at war women had to enter the workforce o Factory owners etc don t know how to deal with women Suburbanization Occurred after the war Population increased dramatically o Increase in birthrate Couples were ready to have families because of prosperity of the US o Death rate decreased Positive medical developments from war antibiotics etc VA provided loans for veterans to buy houses with no money down Needed larger homes to support larger families Cities couldn t accommodate everybody Federal highway construction programs o 1956 Interstate Highway System Act Connected cities and suburbs Facilitate movement of people away from the city in case of Cold War tensions coming to a head Built wide enough for airplanes to land Tract houses William Leavitt 1940s o Built housing for war related industries during the war had to build very quickly for everyone who was moving there o Refused to sell to African Americans o New population was going to grow when the war was over so built a community of these houses First town in Long Island Levittown People camped out to get the houses o Built one outside Philadelphia o Came up with the idea for modern housing all look the same o Eliminated idea of vernacular architecture Meaning typical of an area or region It was the ideal Beginnings of women s movement 3 3 15 Urban Renewal 1940s Pittsburgh was leader in number of corporate headquarters US Steel Westinghouse Mellon Bank etc Richard K Mellon o Heir to Mellon Bank Consol Energy and Gulf Oil o Concerned about state of Pittsburgh dirty and polluted o Gathered together CEOs in region to address problems of pollution flooding and the point o Allegheny Conference of Community Development 1943 Private initiative goal was to economically develop the region Devoted to research planning community improvement and economic development of the region Nonpartisan nonprofit organization 25 white republican men 13 born near Pittsburgh 19 went to Harvard Yale and Princeton 17 were Protestant Christian 1 Jew Worked with government officials Took care of major problems flooding pollution the point Pennsylvania Urban Redevelopment Act passed Gave municipalities the power of eminent domain o Municipalities had the power to declare an area was blighted land could be sold Hill District Low income diverse neighborhood in Pittsburgh Eminent domain lower hill was declared blighted land sold to private o 5 000 8 000 people displaced 12 churches destroyed 5 schools and a convent o Civic Arena opened in 1961 60 of residents displaced by urban renewal were African American SPRING BREAK 3 17 15 Regional Economic Development 1946 US provided world with 60 of iron and steel by 1978 dropped to 16 Foreign steel production was so effective and inexpensive that US began to import it be cause it was cheaper 1970 26 of labor force involved in industry 28 in Pittsburgh by 1990 12 Pittsburgh drop in population increase in unemployment drop in income 3 19 15 Tour 3 24 15 Economic Development in Low Income Communities 1960s The Great Society legislation passed under LBJ 1964 Economic Opportunity Act o Created office of economic opportunity o HeadStart VISTA Legal Aide War on Poverty o Community Action Program allocated federal dollars to certain places community had to be involved to decide where the dollars go 1974 Community Development Act Gerald Ford Combined funding from all different urban grant programs into one lump sum Community Development Block Grant CDBG Would be given to a city city would decide how to allocate it decisions were made at the municipal level so it was more efficient Led to development of Community Development Corporations o Local nonprofits focused on revitalizing a particular neighborhood done at the local level Main Street Program combines historic preservation with economic development E Carson St in Southside o Helps leverage other money if designated a main street community Public Housing Community Enormous public housing communities that functioned as isolated communities Turned into horrible places to live isolated management was corrupt units were in awful shape etc HOPE 6 Clinton Administration 1993 established this program to change nature in public housing o Physical improvements management improvements social programs o Meant to be mixed income and mixed 3 25 15 Tour 3 31 15 Code of the Street discussion Economic development Greenfield previously undeveloped land farm Infill developed infrastructure Brownfield an abandoned idled or underused industrial or commercial site previously infill where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination Gas station any site that was a factory Incredibly expensive to check for contamination tends to prevent redevelopment Greenlining banks did not want to loan money to developers developing brownfield sites because if it is contaminated they might scrap the project lose the money and not be able to pay it back Government realized they needed to prevent greenlining so that communities weren t stuck with brownfields that harvested crime etc o Superfund federal money used to clean up brownfield sites Liability is a huge issue if someone gets sick years down the road who s to blame etc 4 7 15 Movie To Prevent urban sprawl Change zoning laws Build traditional neighborhoods Invest in cities 4 14 15 New Urbanism Review New Urbanism development of community based on traditional neighborhoods can be built on greenfield sites in sprawl communities to reduce land use denser can also be built on brownfield sites Commercial districts don t really work in new urbanist communities o Modeled after neighborhoods built before the automobile During WWII migration from rust belt