FSHD 3234-22-14Peers and Friends Importamce of peer relationships:parents and peers relationship complement eachother:parents provide affection and guidance social skills to interact successfully w/ peerspeer interaction enhanced social skillsI. Peer social status – level of peer acceptance and rejectionA. Peer acceptance- the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of agemates as a worthy social partnerB. Sociometry - A method of assessing peer reputation by peers’ social preferences1. ask children to rate peers by likeability or desirability as a companion C. Peer Acceptance Categories1. Popular—liked by many; disliked by few a) prosocial –social and academic competence b) antisocial – may be aggressive2. Average—friends, not as well liked as popular 3. Controversial—liked by many; AND disliked by many LIKE THE CLASS CLOWN4. Neglected—socially isolated; few friends; not disliked get over looked and neglected5. Rejected—disliked by many; liked by fewa) aggressive (40%)b) withdrawn (25%)D. Stability of Sociometrics – over time and contexts1. popular and average- fairly stable2. rejected –fairly stable and can get worse3. controversial – can go either way4. neglected – less stability E. Peer acceptance is a powerful predictor of current and later psychological adjustment.1. Rejected: unhappy, alienated, and poorly achieving, low self-esteem, wide range of emotional and social problems.FSHD 3234-22-14a. middle childhood: poor school performance, absenteeism, dropping out, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency 2. Children’s characteristics + parenting practices helps explain the link betweenpeer acceptance and psychological adjustment.II. Friendship - close relationships involving companionship in which each partner wants to be with the other A. Infancy and toddlerhood – looking and touching B. Preschool 1. Increasing self-awareness, communication skills, cognitive abilities and emotion regulation facilitate and are enhanced by peer interactions and friendship C. Friendship Stages – development-playmate to close confidante; increasingly selective 1. Momentary Playmateship (4-7) or handy playmatephysical proxmicitymental or physical attributes2. Reward-cost stage (8-10): expect friends to offer help, share common activities, provide stimulating ideas, be able to join in organized play, be physically nearby,3. Normative stage (10-12): expect friends to accept, admire, bring loyalty and commitment to a friendship, to express similar values and attitudes toward rules, trust is important 4. Empathetic stage (12+): shift towards intimacy and loyalty, psychological closeness, mutual understanding, exclusivityimportantly we would expect both M and F to display these stages look in book for morehaving a friend is good for keeping bullies awayIII. Play A. Perspective1. reflection of development2. necessary activity to promote child developmentB. Parten’s Stages of Play 1. Unoccupied behavior – looking around at whatever occurs, but engaging in no activity2. Onlooker behavior – watching others playFSHD 3234-22-143. Solitary independent play reasons matter, are they playing on own bc they are rejected or bc they are enjoying their own playing on own4. Parallel play - playing next to, but not in interaction with each other, often using the same type of materials, but no attempts to influence others’ behavior5. Associative play - playing with other children, sharing toys and interacting, but with no overall organization of the group to achieve a common goal6. Cooperative play – playing as a part of a group that has a common goal, suchas building a building, creating a make-believe scene C. Piaget’s Cognitive Levels of Play1. Practice Play ( functional play) – performing a certain behavior repetitively for the mere pleasure 2. Symbolic/sociodramatic Play – symbolic representations and imagination for playincreasing sophisticated, hot lava monster3. Games with rules – making up or using pre-established rules in concrete operational’5. bc you have to remember rules, apply effortful control…AKA mother may I 4. Constructive Play – building or making something for the purpose of playlike building a house w/ legosD. Effects1. physical development – practice and opportunities to improve motor development and increase fitness2. emotional development – practice emotion understanding, emotion regulation, express feelings3. social development – training ground for social skillsa. parent-child play as a foundation4. cognitive development – problem solving, creativitya. attention bc it allows a break from acedemicsFSHD 3234-22-14IV. Bullying & VictimizationA. Bullying – exposed repeatedly over time to negative actions by peers: physical, verbal and psychologicalB. Peaks in middle school, but emerges during elementary school1. difficult to estimate the prevalenceC. Risks for bullies and victims often develop during early school yearshow does this story relate o stages of friendship?what are implications for reducing