FSHD 323Spring 2014Study Guide: Test 2 (Part 1 of 3)This study guide contains information that may appear in some form on Test 2. The testwill include information from the textbook, assigned readings, and notes from class lectures. The test will be the same format as Test 1 – multiple choice and short answer. Chapter 6: Brain DevelopmentDefine and recognize:- synaptogenesis: the development of new synapses, synapse are place where axon of one meets dendrites of another- neurotransmitter: chemical that transmits nerve impulses across synapse from one nerve cell to another- myelination: fatty coating around neuron to increase speed of signal more efficient transfer of information, starts prenatally and continues to grow into adolescence, which why baby need special fats in diet to increase myelination- neuron proliferation (neurogenesis)development of neurons starting in embryonicand about complete at 18 week, rapid appearance of neurons in the developing brain- neuronal migration: movement of neurons within brain to ensure all brain areas have neural connections guided by neurochemicals movement of neurons within brain- programmed cell death (neuronal death): elimination of some neurons that surround newly formed synapses - synaptic pruning elimination of synapses that aren’t used to increase speed clearing a path- brain plasticity: the idea that our brains our moldable like mr potatoes head brains change form and functions in responses from external environment external environment, sensitive period is optimal time for individuals response to environmental influence brain 0-3- patterns of increasing brain size during childhood – what is increasing?: most in crease is weight not the neurons but actually the connections axons and dendrites (synapses) and myelination. :what’s increasing is weight which is from synapses and myelinations, we are born with all brain cells we will ever need- sensitive period for brain development: optimal times for certain capacities to emerge and in which individuals responds to enviormental influences 0-3years?Key concepts- Label and describe the parts of a neuron cell (soma, axon, dendrites) soma?- Describe how synapses and neurotransmitters work together o neurotransmitters are chemicals released through axons, messages are received via dendrites where the axon of one meets dendrite of another is the synapse communications through cells.- Describe how programmed cell death and synaptic pruning illustrate the principalthat development is sometimes marked by decreases, not increases. 1FSHD 323Spring 2014o IT’S DECREASE bc synaptic pruning is eliminating unused synapses to make paths faster so it’s decreasing to improve function and Cell death is elimination of some neurons around newly formed synapses so again decreasing number even though fewer decreases synapses and neurons that are not being used which leads to an increasing in function speed andbetter cognitive function with few it is key for developmento What are the functions of programmed cell death and synaptic pruning? the function is to eliminate unused unnecessary neurons or synapses to allow the brain to function and communicate better with the body all connectiosn brain brain body brain etc increace the speed efficiency and complexity of transmission amoung neurons and allows space for new conncetions to form based on experience in the enviormentonce loose neuron they are gone BUT WITH synapse you can reform lateron- Compare, contrast, and provide examples of experience expectant and experience dependent brain growth EXPECTANT is development that occurs when we encounter experiances our brainbrain expects as normal event AKA seeing touching objects exploring environment, it’s universal what are other examples? our brains as humans are born ready for certain stimuli like seeing…it will improve brain expects this development (language in general talking)DEPENDENT is development occurring in response to specific learning experiances such as music, sports, without over stimulating for certain languagesetc.- Describe how the environment influences brain development from ages 0-3 years(Hint: use the term plasticity)? environmental influences influence development by if theres enriched environment the child will have greater social and cognitive stimulation will developme better retention and processing, or vise versa…example when child can’t talk they pick up sign language or another way tosurvive ad communicate quickly.? able to reform synapses during this time fastest and it’s from more fundamentally. - What do true experiments with rats and “natural experiments” (i.e., inhumane orphanage settings) with humans tell us about the effects of early environments on brains? natural are horrible situations and gained knowledge from that, the malnutrition or orphanage or neglect ETC true experiment not on humans it shows us how important early development is being able to reform a child earlier is easier rather than later in life children adopted prior to 3 were able to regain normal brain function, the inhumane orphanages had no connact and those children had poor social skills and poor health, less synaptic emotions andhave decreased brain activity lower metabolic rates. rats who were in enriched environments had heavier brains bc more dendrite and synapses, more biochemical activtity and better retention of information like going through maze.- How does stress influence brain development?o stress will stunt the brain bc the child would be more focued on survival the body will always be on alert low cognition, emotional, diminished learning and forming synapses : it doesn’t provide opportunity to the brainto form other areas 2FSHD 323Spring 2014- Why do relationships matter when we consider early brain development? Providespecific examples.o relationships matter because the child needs to feel important and loved, to know someone cares they will strive with skin to skin contact general idea our learning occurs with contact video we rely on relationships to reduce stress return and serve we can’t talk about learning without relationships serve and return, especially true early in development, when low stress it if mom low stress it will help child in reading faces or orphanage examples Chapter 6: Physical Development: The Body and the BrainDefine, recognize and provide examples of:- infant states is recurring patterns of arousal wake to sleep such as