PSY 331 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Chapters: 6 - 8NOTE: Not everything in this review will be on the exam, and everything on the exam will not bein this review.Chapter 6- Stereotypes: Beliefs about people that put them into categories and don’t allow for individual variationo Cognitive stereotypes involve deliberate and automatic cognitive processing, like other types of schemas, stereotypes significantly influence how we process and interpret social information, even when we are not consciously aware that they have been activated from memory. o Stereotypes are “shortcuts” to thinking that provide us with rich and distinctive information about individuals we do not personally know. - Prejudice: Attitudes about members of specific groups that directly or indirectly suggest they deserve an inferior social statuso Affectiveo Explicit prejudice: involves consciously held prejudicial attitudes toward a group.o Implicit prejudice: involves unconsciously held prejudicial attitudes. - Discrimination: A negative behavior towards members of a specific groupo Behavioralo Disliking, disrespecting, and/or resenting people because of their group membership are examples of prejudice. Both physically attacking or failing to hirethem for jobs because of their group membership are examples of discrimination. o Institutional discrimination: discrimination can occur without prejudice. Sometimes people who are not prejudiced engage in this act by carrying out the discriminatory guidelines of institutions. Example: due to new state immigration laws, police officers in Georgia can demand at traffic stops that people of Hispanic descent show documentation of their citizenship while not making similar demands of drivers whose facial features fit the European-American prototype.o They carry out this institutional practice known as redlining because they are following the guidelines of their superiors who believe that integration will lower property values.- Out-Group Homogeneity Effect: out-group members more similar than in-group members- In-group Bias: more favorable evaluations & rewards to in-group membersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o If they observe two people performing the same task, one of whom is a member of their in-group, their evaluations of the two peoples performance will be biased in favor of the in-group member. - Illusory Correlation: belief that two variables are related when little or no real association exists.o 2 factors produce illusionary correlation. The first is associative meaning, where two variables are associated with each other because of the perceivers preexisting beliefs. o The second factor is shared distinctiveness, where two variables are associated because they share some unusual feature. - Three forms of prejudiceo Contemptuous: Negative emotions towards group: Disrespect, resentment, hostility Negative behaviors towards group: Avoid, exclude, segregate, exterminate Examples: Poor, homeless, obese, gay men/lesbians, welfare recipients, etc. o Envious:  Negative emotions towards group: Envy, fear, hostility, grudging admiration Negative behaviors towards group: Avoid, exclude, segregate, exterminate Examples: Rich people, Jews, Asian Americans, etc.o Paternalistic: Negative emotions towards group: Disrespect, condescension, patronizingaffection, liking Negative behaviors towards group: Role segregation Examples: Women, elderly, disabled, young adults- Stigma: attribute perceived as discrediting a persono Three kinds Tribal Identities - race, sex, religion Blemishes of individual character - mental disorders, homosexuality, criminality Abominations of the body - disabilities, diseases, obesityo The concept of stigma is related to prejudice and discrimination because people who are stigmatized are almost always targets of intolerance, which can be eithersubtle or blunt. - Courtesy Stigma: individuals associated with stigmatized individuals are negatively evaluatedo This threat of negative evaluation causes any nonstigmatized people to avoid those who are stigmaztied.- Sexism: attitude, action, or institutional structure that subordinates people due to their sexo This is so because virtually all societies in the world are patriarchal, meaning that the social organization is such that males dominate females. - Ambivalent sexism: sexism that encompasses both positive & negative attitudes o E.g., Men who cherish, idealize, & protect women in traditional roles to justify male dominanceo These men view women as “wonderful” provided they do not step out of traditional gender roles and compete with men for the socially valued and powerful social roles historically associated with men. - Sexual prejudice: negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual.- Heterosexism: a system of cultural beliefs, values, and customs that exalts heterosexuality and denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any nonheterosexual form of behavior or identity. - Stereotype threat: Apprehension when performing a task in which one’s group is stereotyped to lack abilityo Worried about confirming stereotype E.g., women in matho People experience this apprehension because they are concerned that if they perform poorly, others and even themselves are more likely to believe the negative sterotype. - Social Identity Theory: we try to increase SE by identifying with social groups & seeing them as bettero Our social identity establishes what and where we are in social terms. Because our social identity forms a central aspect of our own self-definition, our self-esteem is partly determined by the social esteem of our in-groups. - Realistic Group Conflict Theory: intergroup conflict develops from competition for limited resources o The group conflict is considered “rational” or “realistic” because it is based on real competition. o Robbers cave study (Sherif) Superordinate goal led to decreased hostility See textbook for more detail- Superordinate goal: a mutually shared goal that can be achieved only through intergroup cooperation. - Social Dominance Theory: power hierarchy of social groupso Dominant groups receive assets & subordinate groups receive liabilities- Personal-group discrimination discrepancy: tendency for members of disadvantaged groups to