CH 304K 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 22-28Lecture 22 (March 23)Explain the relationship between carbon and plants.The chlorophyll in plants absorb light and use that to make energy which combines with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water to make glucose. All live plant and animal cells have thesame C-14 to C-12 ratio in live cells as is in the atmosphere. Fossil fuels, which are the remains of ancient plants, are carbon reservoirs until they are burnt.What is the difference between a mole of a diatomic element and other elements?A mole of any of the diatomic elements (Br I N Cl H O F) means two of them (example: Br2 = 1 mole of Bromine). If you are referring to a mole of any other element, then it is just one atom ofit.Lecture 23 (March 25) What is percent composition?Percent composition is the amount of an element in a given compound as a percent. The equation to calculate it is (mass of the individual element of the compound/total mass of a compound) x 100%Lecture 24 (March 27)What is Global Warming Potential?GWP is a scale that shows the relative contribution of a greenhouse gas to global warming. It is measured on a per molecule basis. Carbon dioxide is the basis of the scale, GWP = 1. GWP accounts for how efficiently the molecule absorbs IR and the average lifetime of molecule in the atmosphere. However, it does NOT account for the abundance of the molecule in the atmosphere.Explain some of the characteristics of Methane and Nitrous Oxide, common greenhouse gases.Methane has a GWP of 21 and has a lifetime of 12 years. Its modern concentration has doubled since before the Industrial Revolution. Some of the natural sources of it are leakages from natural gas, decaying vegetable matter, animal/insect flatulence, and methane hydrate inpermafrost. It is released by human activity through extraction of gas and petroleum landfills and some agricultural practices such as rice paddies and livestock.Nitrous oxide, aka laughing gas, has a GWP of 310 and a lifetime of 120 years. The abundance ofit is low, but rising. It is being depleted in the stratosphere, but being created in the troposphere. The global warming effect of it is at the maximum in the troposphere and at the minimum in the stratosphere.Lecture 25 (March 30)Explain what anthropogenic forcing is and how it relates to global warming.Anthropogenic forcing is when humans add to what is naturally there. For example, there are many factors of global warming that occur naturally that has been exacerbated with human activity. Some examples of this are surface albedo (reflectivity of surface), aerosols, and coal mine fires. What are some effects of global warming?Global warming causes numerous things. Sea ice disappearance is a positive feedback that decreases the albedo which then causes the earth to absorb more heat. Sea levels rise as a result of melting ice caps. We begin to see more extreme weather. As a result of a lot of Carbon dioxide, there is a change in ocean chemistry; carbon dioxide makes oceans more acidic which affects marine ecosystems. There is a loss in biodiversity because animals have to change migration, feeding, and breeding habits. Also, some areas may experience water shortages.Lecture 26 (April 1)Define energy.Energy is the capacity to do work or supply heat. Work is the motion against a restraining force (Force x distance). Heat is the energy that flows from hotter things to colder things. Joules (J) are the SI unit for energy. It can also be measured in calories (cal). The conversion factor between the two is 1 cal = 4.184 J exactly.Lecture 27 (April 3)Explain the first two laws of Thermodynamics.The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is not created or destroyed, it is merely converted from one form to another. This means that the amount of energy in the universe is constant. We can, however convert energy to a form that is more useful to us such as heat or work in a form that can be controlled. However, in energy conversion, there is always someenergy that is lost. Saying that it is “lost” means that it is not converted to the desired form, it is lost in the process in ways such as heat, sound, etc.The second law of thermodynamics says that in any spontaneous process, the overall entropy ofthe universe increases. The unusable energy in energy conversions is entropy. Entropy is also defined as the measure of positional disorder on an atomic scale or the measure of dispersion of heat energy.Lecture 28 (April 6)Describe one major current energy source.Coal is one main energy source of the world. Coal is fossil remains of plant life that is millions of years old. It is obtained through coal mining which is a very expensive, dangerous practice. There have been 100,00 US fatalities in coal mines since 1900 and many more health-harming effects such as respiratory issues (“Black Lung”). Coal contains sulfur which is released and makes SOX when burned. The idea of gas fluidization of coal has been suggested as a method to burn “clean”(-er) coal. Through this practice the combustion is more complete, lower temperatures are needed, and it can be mixed with powdered limestone to remove some of thesulfur. The United States owns ¼ of the world’s coal reserves and over 50% of US power plants use