CH 304K 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (January 21)Introduction to the Chemistry in ContextWhy does chemistry matter?Chemistry isn’t just being able to list chemical properties, chemical changes, and chemical compounds. Chemistry is everywhere. It is the air we breathe, the food we eat, and everything we do. We need to understand chemistry in order to be able to protect our planet since we are consuming resources at an unsustainable rate. Some company’s try to “greenwash” people by falsely using words like “eco-friendly” when their product actually isn’t. The only way to combat this is knowledge. Lecture 2 (January 23) What is chemistry?Chemistry is the study of changes that matter undergoes. EVERYTHING is made of chemicals; there is no such thing as chemical-free food, even water is a chemical! Some things can be contaminated with chemical compounds, which could give it the potential to be harmful.What is in air?Air is one of the most common chemical compounds. Air contains nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%),argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%), and water vapor (varies). 19.5% is the MINIMUM acceptable oxygen level in air for humans to be able to breathe without side effects. In measuring parts of a substance, sometimes percentages are not the most effective way to show amount of something. To measure smaller parts of something in chemistry, it is common to use ppm (parts per million) or ppb (parts per billion)Lecture 3 (January 26)List and describe the worst atmospheric pollutants.Carbon monoxide (CO) is colorless and odorless. It forms when carbon-containing materials are burnt with an inadequate supply of oxygen. If inhaled, it displaces the oxygen cycle in bloodstream.Ozone (O3) is an allotrope of oxygen. It is colorless and has a pungent odor. It forms around electrical sparks and is present in the ozone layer of the atmosphere. If inhaled, it severely impairs lung function. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is colorless with a harsh odor. It is a respiratory irritant and turns into an acid when in a moist environment (i.e lungs). It exists as other oxides, so is often referred to as SOXNitrogen dioxide (NO2) is brown and has a sharp odor. It is a respiratory irritant, similar to Sulfur dioxide and also exists as other oxides so is referred to as NOXParticulate Matter is fine particles of assorted materials and is a lung irritant. Some componentsof PM, for example, asbestos, can cause cancer.Lecture 4 (January 28)What are the two factors taken into account for risk assessment for the toxicity of a chemical?Toxicity, which is the intrinsic hazard a substance possesses, as well as exposure which includes both concentration and duration of exposure.What are the three main regions of the atmosphere?The three main regions of the atmosphere are the troposphere, stratosphere (which contains two sub-regions), and mesosphere.How do you convert temperature from Celcius to Kelvin?K= temperature in Celcius + 273.15What is the difference between mixtures and compounds?Mixtures can be separated into pure substances using physical methods. Some examples of physical methods are freezing, melting, evaporating, and condensation. Compounds can only beseparated by chemical means. Compounds can either be molecular or ionic.Lecture 5 (January 30)What is the Law of Conservation of Matter?The Law of Conservation of Matter states that we cannot create of destroy atoms in a chemical reaction, we can only change how they are arranged.What are the diatomic molecules?Br, I, N, Cl, H, O, FBe familiar with the periodic table.Lecture 6 (February 2)How do you name a molecular compound?Naming a molecular compound involves using the prefixes (“di”, “tri”, “tetra”, etc.), with the exception of using “mono” in front of the first element if there is only one. Example: Dinitrogen tetroxide would be P2O4How do you name ionic compounds?Write the more metallic element , then write the least metallic element next and change the end to “-ide”. If the metal is a transition metal, you MUST write a roman numeral indicating the charge of the ion.Things to remember about Stoichiometry:In balancing equations, there must be an equal amount in the products as the reactants.Be able to name compounds and balance equations.Lecture 7 (February 4)Describe an example of indoor air pollution.In the Northeast, people build airtight basements to be energy efficient. However, granite naturally emits radon and when the radon builds up it can cause cancer.How many centimeters are there in an inch?1 inch = 2.54 cmHow many significant figures are in 0.002405? How many decimal places?There are 4 significant figures and 6 decimal places.How do you calculate density?Density = mass/volume. If volume is hard to measure, it can be found by placing in a beaker of water and finding the displacement of the water.Lecture 8 (February 6)Why was leaded gasoline banned in the United States in 1997?Gasoline that has tetraethyl lead additive was banned in the United States because the lead compounds “poison” and destroy catalytic converters in cars, making the exhaust from the car much worse. What do catalytic converters do?Catalytic converters convert hydrocarbons to oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water to make car exhaust less harmful to the environment.Why is ozone referred to as a “secondary pollutant” when it comes to autopollution?Cars emit NO2. In sunlight, NO2 breaks down to NO and O. O is very reactive, so it quickly bonds with O2 and becomes O3