BCHM 307 1st Edition Lecture 30 Outline of Last Lecture I. Catabolism vs. AnabolismII. Redox ReactionsA. FAD and FMNB. NAD and NADPIII. ATP SynthesisIV. ATP as EnergyOutline of Current Lecture I. Energy Production PathwayII. Glycolysis BasicsIII. The Ten Steps of GlycolysisCurrent LectureThis lecture goes to a new chapter and focuses on glycolysis. First let’s look at an overview of how energy in the form of ATP is made in general. The focus of this class and the main energy production pathway comes from carbohydrates. These are broken down into simple sugars that are put into glycolysis. From there pyruvate is formed and turned into Acetyl CoA, which is put into the citric acid cycle. This goes through oxidative phosphorylation to finallymake ATP. There are many other branches and types of pathways. Proteins can be broken down into amino acids and put into the main pathway at either the pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or citric acid cycle steps. Fats can also be broken down into fatty acids. Fatty acids can be inserted in at eitherthe glycolysis or acetyl CoA step. The pathways can be either linear like glycolysis, or cyclic like the TCA cycle. Glycolysis is what provides the substrates for the citric acid cycle (also called the TCA or Kreb’s Cycle), anaerobic glycolysis or yeast alcoholic fermentation. Glucose is the starting material for glycolysis. Glycolysis consumes ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NAD+ in the process. Glycolysis produces pyruvate as the end product, which then goes into the TCA cycle. ATP is produced in this step as well. NADH is the final product, which goes into the electron transport chain. Next we will look at the 10 steps of glycolysis including what kind of reaction is taking place in each step, what product is formed, and whether the reaction is reversible. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. This is called the hexokinase step. This starts with D-glucose and adds ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate + ADP + H+. This step is non-reversible. This is an example of a phosphoryl group transfer action.2. This is called the phosphoglucose isomerase step. Glucose-6-phosphate is turned into fructose-6-phosphate. This is an isomerization-rearrangement action. The reaction is reversible.3. This the phosphofructokinase step. This step is nonreversible. Fructose-6-phosphate has ATP added to it to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP + H+. This is a phosphoryl group transfer action. 4. This is the aldolase step. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is turned into dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. This is nonhydrolytic cleavage and is a reversible reaction. 5. This is the triosephosphate isomerase step. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is turned into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. This is a reversible reaction of isomerization rearrangement. 6. This is the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction. This is a reversible oxidation reduction reaction, as well as a phosphoryl group transfer. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ + inorganic phosphate turns into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+. 7. This is the phosphoglycerate kinase step. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP yields 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP. This is substrate level phosphorylation as well as a phosphoryl group transfer. This reaction is reversible. 8. This is the phosphoglycerate mutase step. 3-phosphoglycerate goes through an isomerization rearrangement to form 2-phosphoglycerate. This reaction is reversible. 9. This is the enolase step. 2-phosphoglycerate goes through a nonhydrolytic cleavage to form phosphoenolpyruvate + water. This reaction is reversible.10. This is the pyruvate kinase step. This takes phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H+ and goes through a phosphoryl group transfer to form the end product pyruvate. This reaction is not
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