POLS 131 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 14 23 Lecture 14 Poverty How is poverty defined By six dimensions regardless of location Hunger Psychological dimensions Inadequate infrastructure Low levels of literacy Health problems Inadequate income Absolute vs Relative takes into account location Extreme Poverty living on a dollar a day having trouble meeting the basic needs of life How does urbanization intersect with poverty Inequalities Between States gap between rich and pour countries has widened due to globalization Inequalities Within States economic growth increases disparities between urban and rural growth ex China Lecture 15 2014 Trafficking in Persons Report Special Circumstances How and why do major sporting events child soldiers and environmental degradation relate to human trafficking Major Sporting Events demand for cost effective labor during construction of venues off duty law enforcers providing security in high risk venues have incentives to look the other way or participate in trafficking Child Soldiers includes persons under the age of 18 who have been recruited or who take direct part as a member of governmental armed forces Environmental Degradation agriculture fishing logging and mining industries use forced labor along supply chains People and resources are exploited due to lack of labor laws pressures to reduce costs and lack of monitoring Certain Vulnerable Groups LGBT individuals and children LGBT elevated threats of violence and discrimination traffickers prey on the desperation of these individuals to escape their current situations Governments should implement programs to identify these victims and include them in the dialogue on these issues Children most often forced to work when under the care of a non family member kidnappings Responses should treat the trafficking like any other case and focus on remediation and education Lecture 16 Scott Straus Darfur and the Genocide Debate Straus notes that the debate about genocide in Darfur is largely centered on the use of the term genocide Discuss both sides of this debate Using the term events in Sudan meet a general standard for genocide violence targeted an ethnic group for destruction was systematic and intentional and was state supported and using the term would trigger international intervention to halt the violence Not using the term there is much disagreement about what qualifies for the term how many people are being killed what the intent is no international actor has stepped in to lead the humanitarian intervention Lecture 17 Convention on Genocide What is the Convention on Genocide Adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948 as a response to the events of WWII What are its strengths and weaknesses Strengths states are more accountable for genocide occurring within their borders and are required by the international community to stop it Weaknesses ambiguous language leaves room for interpretation specifically who is supposed to carry the convention out Article VIII says that states only need to contact the UN when they suspect acts of genocide and nothing more Lecture 18 Responsibility to Protect R2P What is the Responsibility to Protect The new international security and human rights norm to address the international community s failure to prevent and stop genocides war crimes ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity 1 The state carries the primary responsibility for protecting their populations from genocide 2 The international community has a responsibility to encourage and assist states in fulfilling this responsibility 3 The international community has a responsibility to intervene when states are unsuccessful in preventing genocide Lecture 19 The US Department of State s Fight Against Genocide As outlined by former Sec Clinton what role and responsibilities does the US Department of State have in combating genocide What are its weaknesses of this approach New emphasis on prevention Weaknesses hard to know when something has truly been prevented Convention on Genocide allows for veto power so all states must agree that genocide is taking place for any action to occur Expand the range of partners contributing to this cause because no one country can be effective alone Weaknesses several countries have not signed the Convention on Genocide or the R2P so they have no stake in preventing genocide Lecture 20 Intersectionality What is intersectionality How class race gender ability sexuality and others are all related to inequality How does gender intersect with class race and location African American and Hispanic women with the same education as white women earn less money In Brazil racial identity might change by changing education and income Women are amongst the poorest individuals in the world Lecture 21 Women s Economic Opportunity Index What is the Women s Economic Opportunity Index A report that analyzes women s ability to access jobs and business opportunities that is also intended to prompt improvements in policies and programs that encourage women s participation in the workforce Strengths uses a wide range of trusted international sources focuses on a country by country comparison of economic opportunities for women Weaknesses cannot account for women working in the private sector needs to assess a wider group of countries Lecture 22 Urbanization What are the political effects of urbanization Economic countries that are most urbanized are the most successful in economic performance Employment better employment opportunities are in cities Education urban advantage school attendance is higher in cities Concentrated Poverty fastest growth expected to be in poorer urban areas ex Slums How is urbanization a raced and gendered issue Wages and poverty rates vary by race and gender Examples of racial segregation Brazilian favelas US urban segregation India s caste system What are some ways that individuals domestic and or international organizations and states can involve themselves in challenging the negative effects of concentrated poverty Doubling affluent nation s international poverty assistance to 160 billion a year to aid those in need would have a significant impact Lecture 23 Corruption Why does it matter how corruption is defined Defined generally as acting for personal gain while in a public role explicitly deviating from normal duties or violating rules Black Corruption action that the majority consensus would condemn and want to see punished White Corruption a