POLS 131 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 8 13 Lecture 8 February 9 Introduction to Studying Conflict What are the causes of the current security community s construction and maintenance The major powers United States Canada Japan some countries of Western Europe have realized that war between them is no longer an option Jervis Synthetic Interactive Explanation Collective belief that conquest is difficult and that war is extremely costly The benefits of war have declined The expected benefits of peace within the community have increased International Organizations Don t act like a unified global government State sovereignty is explicitly protected by the UN Charter Organizations of the international community and legal system are nowhere near as strong as domestic legal institutions Power of the UN Secretary General is far more limited than that of the head of a national government International Leadership Head of the UN is more secretary than general and only has soft power not much hard power International Law There is no executive in the international system that will make a state accept a court decision Only states not individuals can bring forward cases UN s Role in Security and Peacekeeping Try to maintain what peace already exists don t really make peace out of complete chaos Educate the people on economics infrastructure development teach police forces to protect the law Improve issues of health Intervention Intervention external actions that influence the domestic affairs of another sovereign state OR the forcible interference in the domestic affairs of another state What are the four reasons that support intervention Opinion using support Should American troops be used to alter the domestic affairs of foreign nations Intervention may be used when 1 There is a clear and serious threat to a state s territorial integrity and political sovereignty 2 Intervention is needed to balance a prior intervention 3 It is necessary to rescue people who are threatened by massacre 4 Right to assist secessionist movements when they have demonstrated their representative character a group clearly wants to be a separate country Which reasons can be applied to the situation in Bosnia Reasons 3 and 4 are applicable Spectrum of Low Coercion to High Coercion Low speeches embargos High military intervention Bosnia Wars fought between Serbs Croats and Muslims but many had intermarried throughout the generations and were a combination between all three ethnicities Intervention UN placed arms embargos but humanitarian convoys were blocked NATO intervened and supported Bosnian government forces in their battle with the Serb forces US created the Dayton Peace Accord Ethnic divisions and conflicts were too deeply rooted and had been going on for too long Self Determination the right of a people to decide their own political fate and most commonly it expresses itself in the desire to form a state Humanitarian intervention the use of military force to protect human rights Regarded as a collective global responsibility Lecture 9 February 11 Flashpoints Where are the two most likely types of intrastate flashpoints 1 Where well armed states with longstanding grievances confront each other Ex Arab Israeli conflict 2 Where international crises have potential to escalate to nuclear war Ex Iran Arab Israeli Conflict Asymmetry shapes violence with an uneven balance of military power Palestinians are resorting to unconventional tactics of warfare like suicide bombings Conflict over land both sides want Jerusalem but the borders are unclear Prisoner s Dilemma neither side is willing to give much to the other due to decades of mistrust Nuclear Iran Active nuclear program President is fiercely anti American and anti Israeli World is responding through deterrent threats economic sanctions rewards for good behavior and by attracting Iranian people who have become unhappy with the government India and Pakistan Territorial conflict over Kashmir Both countries have nuclear weapons that are not well protected by reasonable groups World has imposed sanctions US has provided Pakistan with military and economic aid to create democracy and fight Islamic insurgents world has provided both countries with technology to prevent nuclear accidents South China Sea Territorial disputes over islands with threats of force Much room for misperceptions and misjudgments that could lead to even more conflict specifically who what the US will support World made a Declaration of Conduct in the South China Sea to ease tensions and require negotiations in conflict North Korea Military policy is erratic unpredictable and aggressive Has nuclear weapons and an active missile program World gave food aid energy aid and technical assistance in exchange for denuclearization that did not occur Lecture 10 February 18 Human Security Human Security aims at ensuring the survival livelihood and dignity of people in response to current and emerging threats Concerned with the security of individuals HIV AIDS Key Actors state governments and government agencies NGOs IGOs and intergovernmental agencies scientists activists pharmaceutical firms healthcare workers Resolution 1325 Requires parties in a conflict to prevent the violation of women s rights and to support women s participation in peace negotiations To what extent can nonstate actors solve the problem of human security where states are unwilling to do so Pandemics Epidemics Nonstate actors combine scientific research supported by government funding with aid sponsored outreach and educational programs Violence UN protects those in areas of conflict promotes fair trade and open markets provides access to healthcare etc To what extent does feminist theory aid in our understanding of the world Higher levels of violence against women are tied to higher levels of domestic and international conflict Women are victimized by warfare in greater numbers than men and are more often victims of discrimination How is security a gender issue The ways in which women are treated domestically reflects the state s international policies and conflicts Women understand international politics from a more relationship and mutually beneficial perspective than their male counterparts who focus solely on victory for their state Lecture 11 February 23 Crime How does globalization facilitate the growth of global crime Globalization enables criminal networks to grow alongside legal global activities and to establish