Energy TransformationEnergy= capacity to create changeKinetic Energy= energy that an object has because of movementThermal energy=Kinetic energy associated with random movements of atoms or moleculesHeat=thermal E in transferPotential energy=”unused” energy that has the ability to accomplish work but isn’tExplain in simple terms how potential energy is involved in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis1.PE created by complexity of molecules2.PE created by positionexample=being at the top of a rollercoasterCatabolic reactions release/consume E?Anabolic reactions release/consume E?Label photosynthesis as either catabolic or anabolicLabel cellular respiration as either catabolic or anabolicLaws of thermodynamics1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred/transformed2.every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universebasically -> energy conversions are inefficient because some energy is dissipated as heatentropy=measure of randomnessincreases as energy is lost as heatFree energy = deltaG=portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniformEvery spontaneous process decreases the system’s free energy->losing free energy means that final state is more stable than initial stateDefine exergonic reactionChange in free energy is _____________(positive/negative)Energy is ____________(released/consumed)Energy of the final products is __________(<,>) than the reactantsIs this considered spontaneous?Define endergonic reactionChange in free energy is _____________(positive/negative)Energy is ____________(released/consumed)_________(catabolic/anabolic) reactions are exergonicEnergy of the final products is __________(<,>) than the reactantsIs this considered spontaneous?Which graph represents an exergonic reaction? endergonic?Write an example of an endergonic equationExplain energy couplingActivation energy=initial investment of energy needed for a reaction to occurUsually heat is absorbed from surroundingsDefine transition stateWhat is the disadvantage of heat as the source of energy that allows a reaction to reach activation energy?Enzymes -> lower activation energyHighly specificExplain induced fitEnzymes cause electrons to change their affinity by:May reorient substratesMay provide a more favorable environmentExplain how adding more substrate can speed up the rate of a reactionExplain what happens when an enzyme becomes saturatedHow to increase rate of reactionIncrease number of enzymesIncrease substrate concentrationIncrease temp.Increase pHWhat problems could arise by using increase temperature or increase pH as a method for increasing rates of reaction?Enzyme inhibitorsCompetitive=mimic the substrate-> decrease productivity by blocking the active siteNoncompetitive=bind to another part of the enzyme ->change shape of enzymesugar becomes oxidized to carbon dioxideoxidation=loss of electron from one substanceaccomplished by a reducing agentoxygen is reduced to waterreduction= receive an electron from a substanceaccomplished by an oxidizing agentStages of cellular respiration1.glycolysiswhere does this occur?Glucose is oxidizedNAD+ is the reducing agent becoming ->_______by receiving an electrons from glucoseYields 2 ATP and 2 NADH and 2 pyruvateATP is produced through what type of phosphorylation?Can glycolysis occur in anaerobic conditions?2.pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cyclePyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA_____is released_____ is also released and is the reducing agentAcetyl CoA is high in potential energyCitric Acid Cycle (per Acetyl CoA)Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetateYield2 CO2an additional CO2 per acetyl CoA is yield from the oxidization of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA3 NADH1 FADH21 ATPATP is produced via substrate level phosphorylationUsually two Acetyl CoA enter per glucose3.oxidative phosphorylationwhere does this occur?Where is the highest concentration of H+ protons up until ATP synthase?What occurs when NADH and FADH2 release electrons to the electron transport chain in terms of hydrogen protons?Define proton motive forceDefine chemiosmosisYield30-32 ATP6H2OEntire Cellular respirationStill uses electron transport chainWhat is an example of another electronegative atom other than oxygen that may be used in anaerobic respiration?FermentationExplain how the NADH that reduced the pyruvate is oxidized without the citric acid cycleWhich does not release carbon dioxide? (lactic acid or alcohol fermentation)What is the final electron acceptor inCellular respiration?Fermentation?PhotosynthesisMesophyll=tissue of interior part of the leafContain 30-40 chloroplastStromata=poresAllow __________ to enterAnd _________to exitChloroplastHas a double membraneStroma=dense fluid within the inner membraneThylakoid=membrane sac that separate thylakoid space from stromaGrana=stacked thylakoid sacsChlorophyll=green pigmentT/F green light is effective in driving the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?Stages of photosynthesis1.light reactionsconvert solar energy to chemical energywhere does this occur?The electrons that reduce NADP+ come from water or carbon dioxide?What is a by-product of light reaction?ATP is generated by chemiosmosis and photophosphorylationPhotosystems=reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexWhich comes first PS2 or PS1?Cyclic electron flow only uses one photosystem; which one?Linear flow stepsPhoton of light reaches light-harvesting complex at PS___(I or II)Electron excites chlorophyll in the light-harvesting complex and energy is released and eventually transferred to P680 in the reaction-center complexP680 is oxidized to P680+, where do the electrons go?To reduce P680+ back to P680 H2O is splitP680+ is reducedH+ is pumped into the thylakoid spaceO is released as by-productthe previous photosystem expect that P700 is involved instead of P680Where do the electrons that reduce P700+ come from?How do they get to the primary electron acceptor of that photosystem?What is the final electron acceptor?How does it get there?2.Calvin Cylceexplain why this process is anabolic_____is the energy source for this reactionwhere does this come from?____is consumed a reducing powerwhere does this come from?1.carbon fixationCO2 + RuBP=6 carbon sugar6 carbon broken down into 2 3carbon mol2.reductioneach 3 carbon molecule receives;a phosphate from?2 electrons from?What does this yield?3.regeneration of RuBPBIO 311C 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide  Energy Transformation-