BIO 311C 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideLO HANDOUT 11. Describe the hierarchy of complexity in biological systems, and give examples to illustrate the relationships among different hierarchical levels.a. The smallest unit of life is the cell which can be eukaryotic or prokaryotic. However cells are made up of organelles and neither cells nor organelles would exist without even smaller molecules. On the other end of this cells make up tissue with makes up organs, organisms, population etc… The relationship between these is that it is the combination of the smaller units that make up the big units which have new properties (emergent properties). For example to makean organ you must have the combination of two different types of tissues and to make a tissue you must have a combination of cells. To break down complex systems and look at these simple parts is called reductionism. To analyze the interaction among these parts is called systems biology.b. HIERARCHYi. Moleculesii. Organellesiii. Cellsiv. Tissuev. Organs/organ systemvi. Organismsvii. Populationsviii. Communitiesix. Ecosystemsx. Biosphere 2. Explain how emergent properties of living organisms such as growth and development emerge from and depend upon interactions of elements at different levels of biological organization.a. Emergent properties: emerge as we zoom out and see how parts arrange and interactb. Parts working together can accomplish different things that one individual on its own c. See water exampled. For example: nucleotides are there own don’t mean much to us but when you combine them you create a sugar-phosphate background which can then combine with another nucleotide polymer that will create a double helix DNA that has the ability to replicate and pass on genetic information, an ability which a nucleotide does not have on its own.3. Recognize major representative examples of living organisms and be able to classify them into domains and kingdoms reflecting their evolutionary history.a. Looking at genetic code allows us to see how current species have been evolved from previous species.b. Classifications from smallest to broadesti. Speciesii. Genusiii. Familyiv. Orderv. Classvi. Phylumvii. Kingdomviii. Domainc. Kingdomsi. Could be 6 to dozens of kingdomsd. Three domains of lifei. Bacteria1. Prokaryotic=lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organellesii. Archaea1. Prokaryotic2. Live in extreme envrionmentsiii. Eukaryotes1. Eukaryotic= cell with a membrane enclose nucleus and membraneenclosed organelles.2. Includes protistsa. Single-celledb. Very diversec. Can’t be placed in their own kingdom or in one of the othersd. Have several kingdoms3. Includes 3 kingdomsa. Plantaei. Produce their own sugars/food via photosynthesisb. Fungii. Absorb dissolved nutrients from surroundingc. Animaliai. Food by eating or digesting other organismsVOCABULARY FROM UNIT 1• molecule – covalently connected atomsex: water• cell – membrane bound basic unit of lifeex:eukaryotic or prokaryotic• tissue – coherent mass of a single cell typeex: epithelial tissue (lines cavities)• organ – assembly of tissues that performs a new function ex: stomach• organ system – group of organs that work together for one function ex: digestive tract• organism – individual member of a species, regardless of complexity ex: indv UT student• population – organisms of the same species living in one areaex:all UT students• community – all the organisms in a geographical area, comprised of populations of different speciesex: all citizens of Austin• ecosystem – living and non-living elements of an area• biosphere – all living and non-living elements of a planet• complexity – measure of the number of constituent parts• emergent property – function or characteristic present at a given level of complexity, not present at the next lowest levelLO HANDOUT 2-Give examples of emergent properties (one from bio and one from everyday life)1. Draw an atom an atom that has 6 electrons using a circle in the middle to represent the nucleus, and rings to represent each electron shell.a. What atom is this?b. How many electrons does this atom have?c. How many valence electrons does this atom have?d. Draw an atom with 16 electrons using the same method.2.Valence number- the number of unpaired electrons on the outer shell of an atom. It can be also seen as the number of electrons an element must gain or lose in order to fill its valence shell.a. What is the significance of filling the valence shell of an atom?b. If an atom has 6 valence electrons such as Oxygen, how many bonds could that atom form with another atom?c. Which atom would be more likely to form a covalent bond with another atom, Oxygenor Krypton? Why? ----BONDS-----1. Non-polar covalent bond- When an atom is bonded with another atom of equal electronegativitya. electronegativity-attraction of a particular atom for the electron of another atomb. Give an example of a non-polar covalent bond.2.Polar covalent bond- an atom bonded with an atom of higher electronegativitya. Give an example of a polar covalent bond (other than water)b. What about water’s polarity makes it a good solvent?c. Due to water molecules polarity the electrons tend to reside closer to ______ giving that part of the molecule a slightly negative charge and giving the part of the atom containing _____ a slightly positive charge.3. Ionic bond- When an atom of much higher electronegativity strips away the electron of another atom creating a positive _______ and a negative ________ and these two oppositely charged ions bond. (These occur between a metal and a non-metal)a. Give an example of an ionic bondb. What is the cation in your example? What is the anion?c. What happens to ionic bonds in water?d. Because of how they respond to water ionic bonds or considered strong or weak?4.Hydrogen Bonds- an ATTRACTION (NOT CONNECTED) between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atoma. What molecule have we been working with that forms hydrogen bonds with an atom of the same type?b. Name and describe an emergent property of water that results from hydrogen bonds.c. Which part of protein structure is the result of hydrogen bonds?5.Van der Waal interactions- weak bonds that only occur when atoms are very close to each other 6. Bonds from strongest to weakest:Ionic bonds in crystalHydrophobic interactionsHydrogen bondsVan der Waal InteractionsIonic bonds in