PSY 317 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 3/17 through 3/22Exam 3Lecture: 3/17Extinction1. Describe the basic principle of extinction with regard to how the 3-term contingencyis changed -In order to stop providing reinforcement for a problem behavior (extinction), you must first identify the function of the behavior!-Use functional analyses to identify the maintaining variables:a. Social positive reinforcement b. Social negative reinforcementc. Automatic reinforcement2. Describe the correct (treatment) procedure of extinction for the common functions of behavior (also recognize and give examples of each)a. Social positive reinforcementi. Alan – 6 year old with moderate MR, deaf, problem behavior included tantrums, SIB, property destructionii. Modified attention – therapist stepped out of the room (EO-deprivation of attention) and returned contingent on disruptive behavioriii.iv. Reinforcement: (EO) Adult leaves roomDisruptive behavior and SIBtherapist returns to the room (consequence) v. Extinction: (EO) Adult leaves the roomDisruptive behavior and SIBTherapist does NOT return to the room (consequence) 1. The establishing operation is still the deprivation of X2. X is no longer provided contingent on the target behaviorvi.vii. EOResponseConsequenceviii. Reinforcement: No toysslaps ones own faceadult provides access to toysix. Extinction: No toysslaps ones own faceadult does NOT provide access to toysb. Social negative reinforcementi. 4 year old femaleii. Moderate MRiii. Head hitting and hand bitingiv. Demand: academic taskv.vi. Reinforcement: (EO) Academic taskSIBadult allows a break from thetask (consequence)vii. Extinction: (EO) Academic taskSIBadult continues task/does not allow break (consequence)1. The establishing operation is presence of Y2. Y is no longer removed contingent on the target behaviorviii. Baseline: similar to demand FA condition:ix. Treatment: task provided every 30s, NO BREAKS, physical guidance to complete the task if noncompliance or SIB occurredx. Baseline Treatmentxi.xii. Reinforcement: Noisy common roomscreaming and aggressionmoved from common room to isolated roomxiii. Extinction: Noisy common roomscreaming and aggressionmust remain in common roomc. Automatic reinforcementi. Ray, 29 year old male, Profound MR, SIB: arm rubbing on furniture, produced sores on his armsii. Ellen, 20 year old female, Moderate MR, SIB: body picking, produced soresiii. iv. Extinction1. The sensory consequence are masked or removed2. Ray: wore jacket, sweater, etc. in sensory extinctiona. Reinforcement: arm rubbing → sores on arms: maintained behaviorb. Sensory extinction: arm rubbing → no sores on arms: decreased behavior3. Ellen: wore glovesa. Reinforcement: picking skin → sores : maintained behaviorb. Sensory extinction: picking skin→ no sores on arms: decreased behaviorv.vi.vii. Automatic reinforcement: lack of visual stimulationflip light switch on and offlight goes on and offviii. Extinction- switch disconnected: lack of visual stimulationflip light switch on and offlight remains offix. Automatic reinforcement: lack of auditory stimulationspin plates on tablesound produced by spinning platex. Extinction (carpet over table): lack of auditory stimulationspin plates ontablelittle sound produced by spinning plate3. Know which forms of extinction would be contraindicated for behavior maintained by social positive and social negative reinforcement4. Describe the possible side effects of extinctiona. Primary effecti. Gradual reductions in behavior, possibly stopping behaviorb. Possible side effectsi. Extinction burstsii. Response variationiii. Aggressioniv. Emotional behaviorv. Spontaneous recoveryc. However, extinction effects have not been documented clearly in applied settings.i. In applied setting, extinction is rarely presented as the sole treatment, so accompanying treatments confound the resultsii. Still, it’s good to be prepared in case they occurd. Extinction burstsi. One, if the target behavior is dangerous, such as SIB or aggression, even a temporary increase in frequency, intensity, or duration may result in greater injury or destruction. ii. Two, the temporary elevation in behavior may make parents and other careproviders less inclined to follow through with a treatment because it is tooaversive to watch high levels of dangerous behavior (hence, they might “give in” and reinforce the behavior to make it stop temporarily)5. Describe factors that influence efficacy of extinctiona. Baseline schedules of reinforcementi. Intermittently reinforced behavior is more resistant to extinctionii. Recommendation is to precede extinction with a continuous reinforcementbaselineb. Baseline parameters of reinforcementi. Raw number of reinforcers given in baseline – the longer the reinforcement history, the more resistance to extinctionii. The delay to reinforcement during baseline – if delays are unpredictable and variable, the behavior will be more resistant to extinctionc. Extinction combined with reinforcementi. Extinction is more effective when combined with reinforcementd. Stimulus controli. Signaled extinction produces a faster reduction in behaviorii. For humans with good receptive language skills, they can be instructed that extinction is taking place6. Describe considerations regarding the practical side of using extinctiona. Insure that you can in fact eliminate the reinforceri. Automatic reinforcementii. Other uncontrollable sources of reinforcement: peersb. Extinction must be safei. What harm may come to the individual or others around the individual?ii. Consider the nature of the problem behavior: aggression, for example, may have to be attended to, even if it is maintained by attentioniii. Consider extinction bursts and extinction related aggression and emotionalrespondingc. Consistency must be maintainedi. If the behavior is reinforced some of the time, then the behavior is on an intermittent reinforcement schedule – not extinctionii. Everyone involved in the treatment must be consistent at using extinctionLecture: 3/191. Differential Reinforcementa. A combination of two procedures:i. Reinforcement for one response or set of responsesii. Withholding reinforcement for other responses –extinctionb. Differential Positive Reinforcementi. Response A  Access to something desirable (Rf)ii. Response B  No access to something