PSY 317 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-6Lecture 1 Branches of Behavior Analysis and Dimensions of ABA- Describe and differentiate the major branches of behavior analysis: behaviorism, experimental analysis of behavior, applied behavior analysis, professional practice- Behaviorismo Philosophy of the science of behavior- Experimental analysis of behavior (EAB)o Identifying and analyzing basic principles and processeso “Basic” researcho Formalized by Skinner- Applied behavior analysis (ABA)o Solving problems of social importance using the principles and procedures of behavior analysiso Can only be understood in the context of the philosophy & basic research traditions & findings- Professional practiceo Providing behavior analytic services to consumerso Design, implement, & evaluate behavior change programs that consist of behavior change tactics derived from fundamental principles of behavior - List and define/describe the 7 “Current Dimension of Applied Behavior Analysis”: applied, behavioral, analytic, technological, conceptual, effective, generality1. Applied- behaviors of interest are statistically significant a. Examples: Social, language, academic, daily living, self-care, vocational, recreational 2. Behavioral- precise measure of actual behavior in need of improvement (not participant’s verbal description of his/her behavior) a. Must be observable and measurableb. Based on direct observationc. Behavior is a function of the environment (consequences) and not inner qualities (personality)d. Must measure both caregiver and clients behavior to see which has changed3. Analytic- demonstrates functional relationsa. Show experimental controlb. Behavior of interest changes as a function of changes in environment (interventions)4. Technological- Written description of all procedures in the study is sufficiently complete and detailed to enable others to replicate ita. All procedures identified and described in detail (needs much detail so it can be replicated)5. Conceptually Systematic a. Behavior change interventions are derived from basic principles of behavior (and described as such)b. Better enable research consumer to derive other similar procedures from the same principle(s)c. Assist in integrating discipline into a system instead of a “collection of tricks”d. How well description of what you are doing is tied into basic principles of behavior analysise. Example: “tag teach”- clicker paired with a primary reinforcer (food, etc)àresults in conditioned reinforcement 6. Effectivea. Improves behavior sufficiently to produce practical results for the participant(s)b. Improvements in behavior must reach clinical or social significancec. Extent to which changes in the target behavior(s) result in noticeable changes in the person’s life overalld. Whether or not change in behavior is significant for practical change7. Generalitya. Produces behavior changes that last over time,b. Appear in other environments (other than the one in which intervention was implemented),c. Or spread to other behaviors (those not directly treated by the intervention)d. Does it last over time, in other environments, etc.? Lecture 2Behavior, Measurement- Define “behavior”o Anything a person does when interacting with the physical environment Speaking, listening, running, jumping, crying, etc.o Includes private (covert) events such as feeling and thinkingo Behaviors can be observed, described, and recorded either by an outsider or the person engaging in the behavioro Behaviors have an impact on the environmento Behavior is an action that involves movement through space and time, thus behavior impacts the physical or social environment. Sometimes the impact is felt only by the person engaging in the behavior- Describe key elements of operational definitions of behavioro Describe exactly what the person does and says  Use active verbs- E.g.: yelling obscenities, throwing the bat, kicking dirt Avoid labels – e.g.“Bad sport” is to ambiguous Avoid non-behaviors – e.g. “noncompliance” Avoid inference about internal states or motivationo Objective Defined so that two people could agreeo Clear  Observers should be able to read and paraphrase definitions accuratelyo Complete and unambiguous Observers should not guess as to whether something observed “counts” – should include all relevant forms of the behavior, and may also include exclusions - Describe the three major indicators of trustworthy measurement: validity, accuracy, and reliabilityo Accuracy Observed values match the true values of an evento Validity Assessment of whether a measure is relevant to the actual phenomenon measured and the reason for measuring it A direct measure will have more validity than an indirect measureo Reliability The extent to which a measurement system yields consistent outcomes: Across repeated measures of the same behavior, or Across different observers who produce the same measurement outcome while independently measuring the same behavior Not to be confused with accuracy- Differentiate between indirect and direct measures of behavior, and be able to describe advantages and disadvantages of eacho Indirect: permanent product, self-monitoring, interviews/questionnaires/rating scaleso Direct: differentiate between continuous (frequency/rate, duration, latency, intensity) and discontinuous (partial interval, whole interval, momentary time sampling, trials to criterion) response measures, and be able to describe and recognize examples of eacho Indirect Drawing inferences about behavior (from other behavior or environmental events) Not preferred – but sometimes necessary- When behavior occurs covertly (privately)- When collecting data on past events Includes:- Permanent product, self-monitoring, interviews, questionnaires, rating scales Permanent product- Outcomes of behavior: homework assignments, goods produced, signs ofinjury or evidence of covert behavior- Problem: may not be a result of the behavior of interest Self-monitoring- Participant serves as their own observer- Used for covert behavior (thinking, feeling)- Used for some overt behavior not amenable to direct observation (e.g., day long steps taken)- Problem: may not be accurate or reliable, reactivity issues Interviews, questionnaires, rating scaleso Gather information about behavior from the client or caregiverso May be useful in the beginning stages of