Lecture 7 Oil, Coal & Gas EnergyForms of hydrocarbonsFormation of oilSlide 4Slide 5Varying costs of extractionWhere is the oil?When can we expect peak global production?PowerPoint PresentationPetrochemicalsSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13Ecological effectsSlide 15Slide 16Plastic – brief history~15% of every barrel of oil is used to make plastics and other non-fuel productsPlastic packagingBrief History of Oil in the U.S.History of OilHubbert CurveContinental U.S. peak1970sOil EmbargoEmbargoSlide 27What have we learned?Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Peak SignificanceSo maybe cars will run on something else…Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38ExtensionsSlide 40How is our electricity generated?Acid rain: any form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions. It can have harmful effects on organisms and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids.Acid mine drainage, or acid rock drainage, refers to the outflow of acidic water from mines (metal or coal). Other areas where the earth has been disturbed (e.g. construction sites, etc.) may also contribute acid rock drainage.Acid RainSlide 45Oil Sands videoSlide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Bottom line: What can we do?Lecture 7Oil, Coal & Gas EnergyECOL 1000: Ecological Basis of Environmental IssuesUniversity of GeorgiaSpring 2015Forms of hydrocarbons•crude oil (liquid)•natural gas (gas)•Coal (solid)Formation of oil•Photosynthesis in oceans •Dead marine organic matter sinks•Anaerobic conditions – accumulationFormation of oil•Sediments bury organic matterFormation of oil•Non-porous layers of rock or salt form "trap"•Pressure and heat – millions of yearsVarying costs of extraction•$2 / barrel (Middle East)•More than $15 / barrel (continental U.S.) •Deepwater Gulf of Mexico oil (less than $10 / barrel)Where is the oil?•Middle East = 2/3 of the 1 trillion barrels of global proven reserves•United States = 4 % of the 1 trillion barrelsWhen can we expect peak global production?•Colin Campbell – 2006-2010•Francis Harper – 2010-2020•PFC Energy – 2010-2015•Petroleum Review - 2007•Richard Heinberg - 2007 or 2008•Kenneth Deffeyes - Thanksgiving Day, 2005•Michael Lynch - 20 or 30 years from now•Peter Odell - Thanksgiving 2035•D.O.E. - 2037•U.S.G.S. – 2040•Bottom line – Some estimates are similar, but nobody knows when. However, it WILL happen.When can we expect peak global production?Petrochemicals•Estimated 3.5 million tons •Caught in gyres and concentrated•Sunlight and salt water reduce particle size•Does not biodegradeGreat Pacific Garbage PatchGreat Pacific Garbage PatchCharles MoorevideoEcological effects•Amount of plastics in ocean increasing•Entering food webs – microdebris?•Effects unknownEcological effects•Ocean birds ingest plastic•Feed to young•StarvationKuczenski and Geyer 2010 - Resources, Conservation and RecyclingPlastic – brief history•1834 – Phenol extracted from coal tar•First synthetic plastic (Bakelite) – 1907-1909•Early 1970s – plastic beverage containers •Almost all plastic now petroleum/natural gas based•Americans bought 31.2 billion liters water in 2006* (~ 17 MB of oil energy equivalent++)•Enough oil used yearly to fuel 100,000 U.S. cars*** (8% of oil worldwide)•Strategic petroleum reserve holds ~727 MB*beverage marketing corporation++ Pacific Institute***Earth Policy Institute, 2006~15% of every barrel of oil is used to make plastics and other non-fuel productsU.S. Energy Information Administration http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_pct_dc_nus_pct_m.htmPlastic packagingBrief History of Oil in the U.S.History of Oil•Coal – dominant form of energy until the 1800s•First commercial well in 1859 near Titusville, PA•Crude oil became dominant in 1951•U.S. mostly self-sufficient (as far as oil) at that timeHubbert Curve•1950s – M. King Hubbert said that oil exploitation in the U.S. would follow a bell-shaped curve•Predicted peak production in the U.S. in 1970•Was his prediction correct?Continental U.S. peak•1965-1970, half our oil was withdrawn, and production began to decline•Demand went beyond supply•Imported oil $2.30 / barrel back then1970s•OPEC•Formed in Baghdad, Iraq, September 1960•Early 1970s – U.S., Europe, and Japan more dependent on imports (Middle East)•In 1970, OPEC restrained production in order to get higher prices•OPEC embargo - cut production 5% per month•banned exports to the U.S.•Gas prices rose from $.30/gal to $1.20/gal•widespread panicOil Embargo"Of course [the world price of oil] is going to rise," the Shah of Iran told The New York Times in 1973. "Certainly! And how...; You [Western nations] increased the price of wheat you sell us by 300%, and the same for sugar and cement...; You buy our crude oil and sell it back to us, refined as petrochemicals, at a hundred times the price you've paid to us...; It's only fair that, from now on, you should pay more for oil. Let's say ten times more."Embargo•Set several actions in motion•Plans made for the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline•Strategic Petroleum Reserve was created (1975)•Department of Energy (DOE) was created (1977)•A national speed limit set at 55 miles per hour (1973)•Cars were to average 27.5 mpg by 1985Embargo•How did we deal with OPEC?•We were willing to pay higher prices to get oil back, which we did•OPEC resumed shipment at $10.50 / barrel (that would be $66/barrel if adjusted to 2015 dollar value)•It was $2.30 before the embargo!•$56/barrel in 2004•Only ~$52 /barrel (!) January, 2015What have we learned?•Moves toward efficiency & alternatives stalled•Imported 28% in early 1970s•nearly 50% in 1997•As of 2008, imported more than 66%•1987-1988 – peaked 25.9 mpg•1999 – 23.8 miles per gallon•2001 - U.S. lowest efficiency since 1980•Things are gradually improving again10-15 mpg (manufacturer estimate)Date Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands U.K. U.S. 1996 3.95 3.93 4.07 3.89 4.32 3.20 1.27 2014 8.44 8.63