SOC 105 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 13 - 22 Lecture 13 (February 16)- Socialization  The process by which people learn, and take into themselves, culture and social structure. - Two Competing Views of Socialization:- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Psychoanalysis  Theory of how the self is formed (and deformed), and a method for helping self come to terms with society. o Free association, can’t see the therapist, childhood. Assumed that a lot of what we do is based off of our unconscious. o Writing in Victorian era Europe – had some really controversial ideas.- Freud believed that culture controls us and therefore thwarted us. - Every social theory depends on what the theorists think about human nature. - Three Elements of Self:o Id  Instinctual drives; pleasure principle. Seeks to satisfy immediate needs and desires. (Ex- baby crying to be fed or changed). o Ego  “Referee” between the id and superegoo Superego  Culture, internalized. - Conflicting impulses: What you should do and what you want to do.- If the Ego is strong enough, you won’t be that screwed up. Lecture 14 (February 18)- In socialization we take in culture and social structure, all things that humans have created. - You can’t have a civilization if everyone acts according to his or her own pleasure principal. - Our species figured this out, and created a whole elaborate set of systems to control ourselves. - Ego is the most important part of your personality for you to be a good person- Developmental Stages  stages that we must get past with a minimum amount of psychological trauma. o Oral  Must give up breastfeeding to grow up. o Anal  Must learn and become potty trained to grow up and participate in society. o Phallic  Must learn to have intimate contact with people outside your immediate family These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Arrested Development Too much trauma at one developmental stage can cause a person to become arrested at a particular stage. o Can result in behaviors later in life such as smoking if arrested in the oral developmental stage.o Being OCD, or “anal”, anally retentive (don’t like to make a mess), if arrested in the anal stage. Or anally expulsive if you like messes. - Freud is proposing a model for how we develop our identity that is generalizable across all people in all societies at all times. - He was heavily criticized for the phallic stage; because this is inherently not generalizableto women. - Boys have Oedipus complex (Oedipus married his mother and killed his father), and girls have Electra complex. These refer to the fondness for the parent of the opposite sex.- Making it through these developmental stages will develop a strong and healthy ego, so that you aren’t neurotic. Lecture 15 (February 20) - Freud’s theory of identity was not generalizable. - Criticisms of Freud’s theory:o Unrepresentative sample: no women, only men from Vienna Austria in the Victorian era (children of the Victorian era are nothing like children now). This is not a representative slice of humanity, so it cannot be used to make predictions about everyone. o Vastly oversimplifies: According to Freud, culture makes individuals discontented.His last book was “Civilization and its discontents”. Freud thought that culture represses individuals and their basic nature (id) and therefore makes them unhappy. Culture and society does more than just repress us: they make us possible. - George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) - Had a generalizable theory of self that got right what Freud got wrong:- The self emerges through a process of symbolic interaction. - “action”  Behavior directed by the meaning people attach to their behavior and to the situation. - Interaction  Behavior among two or more persons guided by mutual understandings of meaning. o This understanding occurs through symbols. - Erving Goffman – Talked about the interaction paradigm. o Interaction paradigm  The irreducible model for human social interaction. It explains everything that we mean when we talk about interaction. The basic model upon which all interaction is based. Shaking hands and saying hello in America, or kissing on the cheeks in Europe, or bowing in Asia – there is a lot of variation between cultures.  This is our taken for granted reality.- Paradigm  An irreducible model for a topic. - We are all engaged in an extended version of the interaction paradigm.- You learned the symbols of a culture through socialization; parents. - Stages of Symbolic Interaction:o Play  Experimentation with a role. Taking on the attitude of significant others.  These others are normally parents, teachers, friends/peers.Lecture 16 (February 23)- In symbolic interaction we are taking into our selves the signs and signification systems that are needed to be a part of the culture.- Game  Purposeful activity among related roles. Taking on the attitude of the generalized other.- Feral children – without culture, you don’t become human. Culture, and social interaction, shapes you in profound ways, and without it we revert back to our basic nature. - Mead is such an improvement over Freud because he realized that culture doesn’t just repress us, it provides a template for who we are to become. It provides what we take into ourselves through socialization. - The window for language acquisition closes fairly early; young kids can become multilingual pretty easily.o Prisons use 3rd grade literacy scores to plan for future needed prison space. ________________________________________________________________________Modernization and its effects on the economy, religion, and family- Characteristics of modern societyo Urban (not rural)o Industrial (not agricultural)o Bureaucratic (not traditionally run)o Pluralistic (not homogeneous)- Economy  That institution in society that arranges for the production and distribution of the goods needed for survival. - The impact of modernity on economy:o Production (who makes what) of goods shifted from agrarian to industrial o Distribution (who gets what) of goods is about the people that have goods - Three Great Revolutions- Political Revolutiono Destroyed the great monarchies and feudalismo Brought the assumption and belief that all human beings have the capacity for reasono This idea spread and brought