HIST 105 1st Edition Final Study Guide Terms I Republic of Letters A A network of intellectual communication in latin or french that appeared in Europe in 1500 This system was a result of European universities falling apart thanks to the religious split between Catholics and Protestants and was the attempt to remain educated and literate and communicate with others over a variety of topics Both men and women would communicate with one another through letters their conversations with one another would sometimes span generations There was no social religious or gender bias but it was mostly an activity that people with a lot of time on their hands could engage in There are several examples of noteworthy people throughout history who participated in this system 1 Isaac Newton communicated with other scientists via the Republic of Letters and formed a lot of his own scientific theories as a result SUN SPOTS FREAKED THE CHURCH OUT 2 Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia argued with Rene Descartes about mindbody duality and was one of the few people who challenged him and made him think about the claims he was making J White Lotus Rebellion A The White Lotus rebellion occurred between 1774 17961804 and 1813 The White Lotus was all about restoring the Ming dynasty They were around as early as the 1360 s when they wanted to get rid of the Mongols In 1774 they wanted out with the Manchu and were led by Wang Lun who was a selfdeclared Buddhist Maitreya Wang Lun was a Martial Arts and Healing expert who had an enormous and diverse following From peasants to monks many people followed him but almost all of them were marginalized peoples Important to note because almost all of these people were in poverty due to overpopulation in China From 17961804 they really wanted to restore the Ming Dynasty Lastly in 1813 The Eight Trigrams was a version of the White Lotus led by Lin Ch ing who was also a selfdeclared Maitreya Him and his small group of followers actually invaded the Forbidden City but were crushed by the Imperial Guard They felt they would be protected by divine forces but clearly were not Apolystic group They felt every new millennia the world was going to end It was a Buddhist Taoist and Confucian way of thought The White Lotus promised people personal salvation ending the cycle of rebirth and was a community for those unattached from society Jia The Jia Kin was the Chinese family It differed from the European family because it was often very large and consisted of not only blood relatives but also relatives by adoption family by marriage and extended family members In China the bigger the family was the more power and social status they were given The families also different from those of Europe because the Chinese families were not mobile They remained in one place a compound for many years and could have up to five generations of family members living in the compound The importance of the Chinese family is something that lives on today Hungry Ghost The Chinese believed that the Hungry Ghost was a spirit who had been forgotten by his or her descendants who failed to honor them The idea of the hungry ghosts fits in perfectly with the Chinese views on harmony The ghost must be treated properly and its journey did not end in death but would continue on Therefore careful traditions and rituals must be kept in order to please the spirit and keep on the cycle of life and death improper reverence of your ancestors confucianism judge dee bees hungry ghost helped him find his grave strong connection between life and afterlife filial piety chinese opera shrines to avoid hungry ghosts literacy ppl made lineage halls Confessionalization This was at a time when the religious warfare tore apart Europe Leaders within each European state had their own religions Protestantism or Catholicism and expected their people to follow that specific religion Stems from Christian beliefs in Confession and amending your sins In Catholicism you can confess your sins to a priest and he can forgive you or give you an indulgence basically a get out of jail free card for the sins you committed In most Protestant religions they felt only God could forgive your sins Potos A mountain of silver in Bolivia and the Spanish then mine this and export massive amounts of it to China It s the only thing China wants from Europe in our period and leads to long term economic ramifications Single Whip Reform China switches from paper currency to silver only single whip reform created a trade imbalance that led to the opium wars Spanish brought a lot back destroyed economy 1570 s needed to offer something to china because china wanted silver opportunity for trade For the Spanish the influx of silver brought inflation to their economy Was not good for their economy How it affected China allowed them to switch to silver as currency led to rise of Middlemen which helped Chinese exchange w bronze too specific Geomancy The art of placing or arranging buildings or other sites auspiciously Feng Shui understanding the relationship between opposing forces wind vs water solid vs insubstantial An Auspicious lucky Day the use of calendars to predict a particular day zodiac the chinese new year is carefully calculated the catholic church also calculated solar and lunar cycles Body soul resides at graves while the spirit soul resides in the afterlife that needs nourishment through honoring of the dead if they were not honored they would turn into hungry ghosts that would come back to disrupt the lives of the people who were supposed to revere them Vernacular In Europe there were all these different languages and dialect Communication was extremely difficult By the 18th century Vernacular the language of law literature learning and culture was created This helped people communicate in a variety of ways and led to the unification of several fragmented states Now merchants could communicate with other merchants from different states important documents could be passed from person to person and latin which was considered the old language of the Catholic Church was not used as much Cuius Regio Eius Religio WHOEVER S KINGDOM HIS RELIGION kings monarchs of a state have the right to dictate what religion the people will follow Charles 5 agreed to this According to the shitty study guide This developed large forms of violence and protest such as that with the Protestants and Catholics Catholics wanted a traditional confession system where they can confess