Big Questions History 105 Final Study Guide 1 How did religion and the Chinese Imperial System work together How can we compare this with the state and religion in Europe The middle kingdom respect for authority elders and the role it has Can t rule China unless you observe the mandate of heaven strive for maintaining earth harmony Mandate of heaven o Must be a good caretaker of people in order to rule o Only one ruler o Inheritable good rulers can pass onto their heirs Religious diversity Difference with the state and religion in Europe and China o Confucian intervention but China left local society alone o Religious intervention but Europe promoted conscience and individualism 2 How did the structure of Chinese and European families compare in our period and what effect did those structures have on the larger states of which they were a part China o Ancient surnames given names sound form o Filial piety and relations o Different names for Aunt depending on hierarchal order family tree o Wealth and success influences the rest of the community o Maintenance required to honor ancestors temples tablets etc o Hierarchy and economic system communal effort o Built designs to replicate hierarchy and maintain feng shui o Women expected to be confined to home considered property o Nobility is a main difference between China and Europe o Nobility Virtuous circle wealth and education to enhance harmony Meritocracy Lineage expects people to behave properly Nobility and wealth displayed by books and accessories o Arranged marriages hierarchy critical in marriages o Male adoption very common in China rare in Europe o Foot binding status of higher class inability to work More attractive cultural symbol to women s role at home Europe o Surnames occupations miller tailor brewer sawyer o Very heavily influenced by Christianity o Fixed understanding relationship no sense of importance of lineage ancestors o Traditional variety o European women have better circumstances than Chinese women have rights can own property o Women socially stratified the higher up on the social status the less likely you are to work work associated with low income o Europeans built up not out like China o Nobility o Large enclosures o Non nuclear residents o Royal marriage similar with China and link houses o Link families culture and power extended family system o State church promotes marriage celibacy marital choice 3 Chinese ancestor worship formed the foundation for their religious worldview while Europeans worshipped a paternal God What consequences did this difference have China had many religions around a single state o Flexible o Qi earth as an organism energy flow through all living things acupuncture and flow of the body o Harmonious balance in the living world feng shui o Ritual is the single most important thing o Several souls physical soul body soul spiritual soul Europe had one religion around many states o God is the Father salvation and judgment after death o Focused on individuality not communal like China o Man had an obligation in this creation image o Single soul o Protestant practice must be educated to read the Bible practice lent o Both emphasize individual devotion to achieve salvation and cultivating proper belief Cosmology Emphasis Tolerance After life China Naturalistic Ritual High Bureaucracy Europe Theistic tradition Belief Low Judgment 4 How did non metallic wealth develop in Europe and how was it used in our period Fiat currency the state makes money valuable o Let it be money set by government Commodity currency the consumer Paper money in the West Europe vs metallic money in the East China China 1st to have paper currency War financing fluctuates paper currency metal shortages European financial instruments so you don t carry currency over seas land o Stocks own a art of a collective enterprise o Bonds I O U o Bills of exchange Amsterdam o Wealthiest powers in Europe location and trade routes o Economic based government dependent on trade Institutional innovation o No independent investor control o Dividends paid to holders o Shares sold on Beurs 1st stock exchange Have no say in the running of the company only government Can t withdrawal initial investment London o Joint stock companies o Permanent capital fund o Stockholders controlled company not the government o Limited liability cooperation Paper wealth only succeeded as investment securities not as state currency The main engine of financial growth in Europe remained the state in the early modern period particularly regarding war Precious metals remained the backbone of the international finance as well as domestic economics through our period 5 If the Chinese Imperial System was centralized and the many states of Europe politically fragmented what consequences did that have o Unity provided from the emperor connecting religion to the China government o Based on Confucian values o Present and after life o Less trade competition o Judge Dee Europe o Religion was the only common factor but there were different ethnicities o Protestant Reformation o Gluckel because there was different trade 6 How did non metallic wealth develop in Europe and how was it used in our period Paper money was created for war financing and there was a metal shortage The Bank of England due to Glorious Revolution London joint stock companies East India Company o Pounds turned into regular currency o Coin deposits received paper receipts Speculation future prices population believes that they will buy a lot of a good when its cheap and sell for higher prices 7 Why did China abandon paper money in favor of silver and what consequence did it Too high inflation Metal was harder to counterfeit and intrinsic value silver has a value of have itself Potosi Bolivia is the mountain that produced large amounts of pure silver Consequence it produced major inflation because there was too much silver value of silver falls population boom more production 8 Why was popular literacy visual in China and written in Europe and what consequences did that have Literacy in China was low due to it being limited to scholars Literacy was taught through operas and plays It was written in Europe because the Bible was translated from Latin to many different languages vernacular through the protestant reformation Women had knowledge and common people Gluckel for Europe she was knowledgeable without being a scholar Judge Dee for China he was a scholar so he was literate 9 How did the