Psy 202: Psychopathology When does abnormal behavior become psychopathology? 1. Doing physical hard to self or others 2. Can’t hold down job (or attend school) or carry out regular responsibilities 3. Inability to enjoy life or others’ company 4. Deviation from statistical norms or cultural norms * It as not until a few years ago that being gay is no longer a mental disorder * Depression has become more recognizable Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) *Published by the American Psychiatric Association * DSM-5 published in 2013 (DSM-4 published in 1994) * First DSM published in 1952 * Mental disorders have changed throughout the editions Difficulties with the DSM: 1. One size doesn’t fit all 2. Help with diagnosis, but doesn’t help explain cause or point to cure… naming is not explaining 3. Symptoms in the person are usually not as clear as they are described in the manual4. DSM takes categorical approach; have the disorder or you don’t 5. Often overlap between disordersa. “Comorbidity”: co-occurrence of mental illnesses Diathesis Stress model: people with an underlying vulnerability for a psychology disorder start to exhibit symptoms when put under stressful circumstances *Questions validity and causality *African American women are more likely to be below the poverty line yet they have very low depression rates *Different symptoms for different disorders *Genetic component… such as Schizophrenia or depression or type 2 diabetesSchizophrenia:*The biggest impact on interpersonal functioning *Prevalence: 1% or less of population *Diagnosis often occurs in the 20’s *Comes from Latin term that means, “split mind” but is NOT like multiple personality instead split from reality *Fairly high heritability: identical twin with schizophrenia? Approx. 50% chance other twin will have it *Different from person to person… may be better to think of schizophrenia as a formof cancer… many different types and effects and results differently * Symptoms… positive or negativePositive (present): symptoms reflect presence, or addition of symptoms not seen in formal people (not positive, more like it came back positive that they have it) 1. Hallucinations (auditory, visual, olfactory) 2. Delusions _ sometimes “paranoid” (persecutory) beliefs 3. Disorganized speech DSM said you have to have one of these three symptoms to get the diagnosis4. Disorganized or catatonic (stiff or unmoving) behavior Negative (absent): symptoms reflect absence of things normally seen in normal people 1. “Flat” affect (no emotions)2. Social avoidance3. Less responsive to medication Rosehan’s “Sane in Insane Places” Investigation *Pseudopaitients went to hospitals, said they heard voices then once checked in, reported no more symptoms *Eventually released from hospitals – 7 to 52 days, later most with diagnosis of “schizophrenia in remission”* Raises issue of labeling