Chapter 11 Motivation I II II II Motivation Our Wants and Needs A Motivation psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction B Drive reduction Theory theory proposing that certain drives like hunger thirst and sexual frustration motivate us to act in way that minimize aversive 1 Homeostasis equilibrium B Drives and Arousal 1 Yerkes Dodson Law inverted U shaped relation between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other B Incentive Theories theories proposing that we re often motivated by positive goals C Our needs 1 Hierarchy of needs model developed by Abraham Maslow proposing the we must Satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs Hunger A Hunger and Eating 1 Glucostatic theory theory that when our blood glucose levels drop hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose B Weight Gain and Obesity 1 Chemical messengers a Leptin hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used 2 Set point value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain 3 Gene melanocortin 4 receptor gene 4 Sensitivity to Cues and Expectations a Portion distortion b Internal external theory theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues 2 Eating disorders a Bulimia nervosa eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight b Anorexia nervosa eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and irrational perceptions that one is overweight Sex A Human Sexual response 1 Excitement phase phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it 2 Plateau phase phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds 3 Orgasm phase phase in the human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women 4 Resolution phase phase in human sexual response following orgasm in which people report relaxation and sense of well being Attraction Love and Hate A Proximity physical nearness a predictor of attraction B Similarity extent to which we have things in common to others a predictor of attraction C Reciprocity rule of give and take a predictor of attraction D Physical attraction E F G H Gender Social role theory biological variables play a role in men s and women s preferences but not in the way that evolutionary psychologist contend Passionate love love for one s partner Companionate love love for a friend