Chapter 6 Learning I II Intro A Learning a change in an organisms behavior or thought as a result of experience B Habituation the process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli Classical conditioning A Pavlov s discovery of classical conditioning 1 Classical conditioning form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that head been pair with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response a Unconditioned stimulus UCS a stimulus that elicits an automatic response b Unconditioned response UCR automatic response to a non neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned c Conditioned response CR response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning d Conditioned stimulus CS initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus A Principles of classical conditioning 1 Acquisition learning phase during which a conditioned response is established 2 Extinction gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus 3 Spontaneous recovery sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus a Renewal effect sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired 2 Stimulus generalization process by which conditioned stimuli similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response 3 Stimulus discrimination process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus B Higher order conditioning developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus C Applications of classical conditioning to daily life 1 Advertising I a Latent inhibition difficulty in establishing classical conditioned stimulus we ve repeatedly experience alone that is without the unconditioned stimulus 2 Fetishism sexual attraction to nonliving things Operant conditioning learning controlled by the consequence of the organism s behavior A Distinguishing operant conditioning from classical conditioning 1 Organism s response is emitted 2 Reward is dependent on what it does a Ex if it does not respond no reward 2 Responses depend primarily on the skeletal muscles a Voluntary motor behavior B The law of effect principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future 1 Insight grasping the underlying nature of a problem B B F Skinner and reinforcement 1 Skinner box small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning the be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised B Terminology of operant conditioning 1 Reinforcement outcome of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior a Positive presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior b Negative removal of stimulus that strengthened the probability of the behavior 2 Punishment outcome of a behavior that weakened the probability of the behavior a Positive presenting a stimulus to decreases target behavior b Negative removing a stimulus to decreases target behavior c Discriminative stimulus stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement E Schedules of reinforcement patterned of reinforcement 1 Continuous reinforcement reinforcing a behavior every time in occurs II II 2 Partial reinforcement only occasional reinforcement 3 Fixed ratio schedule reinforcement following a regular number of responses 4 Variable ratio reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average 5 Fixed interval reinforcement for providing response at least once 6 Variable interval reinforcement from producing the response at least once on average B Applications of operant conditioning 1 Shaping conditioning a target behavior be progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target 2 Secondary reinforcer neutral object that becomes associated with primary reinforcer 3 Primary reinforcer item or outcome that naturally increases the target behavior Cognitive models of learning A Latent Learning learning that s not directly observable 1 Cognitive map mental representation of how a physical space is organized B Observational Learning learning by watching others C Mirror neurons cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated when an animal preforms an action or observes it being performed Biological influences of learning A Preparedness evolutionary predisposition to learn some pair of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value B Instinctive drift Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement