Chem 211 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Effect of a Change in Pressure (Volume)II. The Effect of a Change in TemperatureIII. Temperature and KIV. Catalysts and EquilibriumV. The Synthesis of AmmoniaOutline of Current Lecture I. Arrhenius Acid-Base DefinitionII. Strong and Weak AcidsIII. The Acid Dissociation Constant, KaIV. Classifying the Relative Strengths of AcidsV. Classifying the Relative Strengths of BasesVI. Auto-ionization of WaterVII. The Ion-Product Constant for Water (Kw)Current LectureI. Arrhenius Acid-Base DefinitionA. This is the earliest acid-base definition, which classifies these substances in terms of their behavior in water.B. An acid is a substance with H in its formula that dissociates to yield H3O+.C. A base is a substance with OH in its formula that dissociates to yield OH-.D. When an acid reacts with a base, they undergo neutralization: a) H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(l) DH°rxn = -55.9 kJII. Strong and Weak AcidsA. A strong acid dissociates completely into ions in water:b) HA(g or l) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + A−(aq)B. A dilute solution of a strong acid contains no HAmolecules.C. A weak acid dissociates slightly to form ions in water:c) HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A−(aq)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.D. In a dilute solution of a weak acid, most HA molecules are undissociated.E. Has a very small value.III. The Acid Dissociation Constant, KaA. HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)B. The value of Ka is an indication of acid strength.IV. Classifying the Relative Strengths of AcidsA. Strong acids includea) the hydrohalic acids (HCl, HBr, and HI) and oxoacids in which the number of O atoms exceeds the number of ionizable protons by two or more (eg., HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4.)B. Weak acids includeb) The hydrohalic acid HF, acids in which H is not bonded to O or to a halogen (eg., HCN), oxoacids in which the number of O atoms equals or exceeds the number of ionizable protons by one (eg., HClO, HNO2), and carboxylic acids, which have the general formula RCOOH (eg., CH3COOH and C6H5COOH.)V. Classifying the Relative Strengths of BasesA. Strong bases includea) water-soluble compounds containing O2- or OH- ions.b) The cations are usually those of the most active metals:c) M2O or MOH, where M = Group 1A(1) metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs)d) MO or M(OH)2 where M = group 2A(2) metal (Ca, Sr, Ba).B. Weak bases includea) ammonia (NH3),b) amines, which have the general formula c) The common structural feature is an N atom with a lone electron pair.VI. Auto-ionization of WaterA. Water dissociates very slightly into ionsin an equilibrium process known asautoionization or self-ionization.B. The Ion-Product Constant for Water (Kw)A. Both ions are present in all aqueous