Psyc 2012 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Brain Injury I: Tumors, Infection, Stroke & TraumaA. Today’s lecture goalII. What is brain damage?A. Brain damageB. Key pointIII. Apoptosis vs NecrosisA. Necrosisi. Doesn’t require signaling & gene expressionB. Apoptosisi. Requires signaling & gene expressionC. Key points regarding necrosis & apoptosisIV. Causes of Brian DamageV. Cerebrovascular disordersA. 2 types of cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain injuryi. Aneurysms & cerebral hemorrhageii. Thrombus & cerebrovascular occlusionB. Ways neurons die in cerebrovascular disordersi. Hemotomaii. HypoxiaVI. Brain TumorsA. Main types of brain tumorsi. Gliomaii. Secondary metastasesiii. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)iv. MeningiomaB. Neural changes & brain tumorsi. Necrosisii. Necrosis & apoptosisiii. Tumor hijacking the blood supply of nutrients and oxygeniv. ApoptosisVII. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)A. CausesB. Sources of injury in TBIi. Coupii. Contrecoupiii. HematomaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iv. EdemaC. How neurons die in TBIVIII. InfectionsA. 2 main types of infectious organisms infecting the braini. Bacteriaii. VirusesB. Neural changes in brain infectionsIX. Drugs and Neurotoxins- destruction of neural tissue by ingested toxins substancesA. Sources of common neurotoxic substancesB. Neural changes caused by neurotoxinsX. Recovery from brain injuryOutline of Current Lecture II. Neurodegenerative DisordersA. Today’s lecture goalIII. Neurodegenerative (ND) diseasesA. Key points in ND diseasesB. 3 examples of ND diseasesi. Huntington’s Diseaseii. Alzheimer’s Diseaseiii. Parkinson’s Disease1. For each disorder know what brain region is affected, what proteinis involved, and which gene it affects.IV. Huntington’s DiseaseA. Basal ganglia and cortexB. CauseC. Symptomsi. Chorea; this is specific to Huntington’s ii. Dementia; this is found in all 3 diseasesiii. Psychiatric SymptomsD. Brain changes in Huntington’s DiseaseE. Neuropathological changes in Huntington’s diseasei. Huntingtin Gene1. Inclusion bodiesii. Block calcium signaling, mitochondrial functionV. Alzheimer’s DiseaseA. Limbic system and cerebral cortexB. CausesC. Symptomsi. Dementiaii. Psychiatric symptoms; these will usually appear before the diseaseD. Brain change sin Alz’s Diseasei. Basal forebrainii. Medial temporal cortex & hippocampusiii. Prefrontal cortex & Limbic systemE. Neuropathological change sin Alz’s Diseasei. Amyloid proteinii. Tau proteinVI. Parkinson’s DiseaseA. Substantia nigraB. Can be caused byC. In order of prevelanceD. SymptomsE. Brain changes in Parkinson’sF. Neuropathological changes in Parkinson’s i. Alpha synucleinVII. Cognitive Reserve and Neurodegenerative DisordersA. Cognitive ReserveCurrent LectureWeek 7- Lecture 13- 2/26Neurodegenerative DiseasesGoal: to learn how neurodegenerative diseases affect the nervous system.Causes of Brain damageBrain tumorsCerebrovascular disorders like strokes and aneurysmsPhysical traumaInfectionsDrugs and NeurotoxinsNeurodegenerative diseasesNeurodegenerative (ND) diseases: diseases that result in the progressive destruction of neuronsKey points in ND diseases:They don’t tend to manifest until late adulthoodThey are progressive so they get worse over timeNeurons typically die by apoptosis3 examples of ND diseasesHuntington’s diseaseAlzheimer’s diseaseParkinson’s disease**These disorders will reappear throughout the semesterFor each disorder know what brain region is affected, what protein is involved, and which gene it affects. Huntington’s disease: degeneration and death of neurons predominantly in the basal ganglia and cortex. CauseIt’s an inherited/genetic disorder caused by a defect in the huntingtin gene.SymptomsChorea: random, jerky movements; this is specific to Huntington’s diseaseDementia: progressively impaired cognitive function and memory loss; this is found in all 3 diseasesPsychiatric symptoms- anxiety, depression, blunted affect (the inability to react with any emotions to things), egocentrism (due to decreases in the cortex and is a specific difference from alzheimers), aggression, and compulsive behavior (which occurs in all 3 diseases). Brain changes in Huntington’s diseaseGeneralized and progressive brain atrophy, particularly in the cerebral cortex and basal gangliaThe cerebral cortex influences cognitionThe basal ganglia is important in producing voluntary movement and inhibiting voluntary movement. Brains with Huntington’s disease tend to be smaller than a normal brainNeuropathological changes in Huntington’s diseaseMutation to Huntingtin gene, which causes it to be too long, produces an abnormal Huntingtin proteinHuntingtin protein misfolds and accumulates in aggregates/masses called inclusion bodiesInclusion bodies: clumps of abnormal or foreign things Inclusion bodies block peptide NT transport to axonInclusion bodies also disrupt gene expression, block calcium signaling, and disrupt mitochondrial function.Calcium signaling is important for most cognitive processes. Mitochondrial function is important for the power of the cellIt may also lead to apoptotic cell death because normal huntingtin genes inhibit apoptosis. Huntington’s is largely geneticAlzheimer’s disease: degeneration an death of neurons mostly in the limbic system and cerebral cortexLimbic system- influences emotionCausesMostly unknown but genetics, infection, and oxidative stress are thought to be possible triggers. Oxidative stress: something that’s biologically stressful and causes your brain, like if you’re super stressed and your brain can’t pump enough O2. Even though certain genes have a large influence on if you develop Alzheimer’s (Alz’s), carrying them doesn’t guarantee you will. There must be environmental triggers present. SymptomsDementiaPsychiatric symptoms- depression, irritability and aggression; these will usually appear before the disease. Brain Changes in Alz’s DiseaseDeath of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain (which is important for attention)Neurons dying in the basal forebrain damages attentionDeath of neurons in the medial temporal cortex & hippocampus (which is important in formation of memories)Death of neurons in the prefrontal and other parts of the cortex and limbic system (which is important for LTM and emotion