Psyc 2012 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. Neural development II: effects of postnatal maturation and the environment on neural developmentA. Today’s lecture goalII. Grasping motor behaviorsA. Neural changes and grasping motor behaviorsIII. Language developmentA. Neural changes and language developmenti. Increased cortical thickness in speech areas for the language the child is hearing and speakingii. We prune neurons and synapses in speech sound areas of other languages that we don’t hear or speakIV. Problem solving- Piagetian stages of developmentA. Sensorimotor stagei. Object permanenceB. Preoperational stageC. Concrete operationsi. Conservation of mass uses inductive reasoningD. Formal operations: abstract reasoningi. Deductive reasoningV. Brain development and the environment- experience, imprinting, and neural plasticityA. Enriched environments and neural development in animalsB. Enriched environments and neural development in humansC. Neural changes due to enriched environments and neural complexity in animalsi. Adult neurogenesisVI. Developmental disorders- autism spectrum disorder and mental retardationA. Autism spectrum disorderi. Symptomsii. Key neural changes in autism1. Undergrowth/underconnectivitya. Hippocampus & amygdalab. Insular cortexc. Brainstem nuclei2. Overgrowth/over-connectivityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Basal ganglia & motor cortexb. Sensory cortexc. Frontal cortexB. Mental retardationi. CausesVII. Neural changes in mental retardationVIII. What is biopsychology?A. Today’s lecture goalIX. Definition of Outline of Current Lecture II. Learning, Memory, and Synaptic Plasticity IA. Today’s lecture goalIII. Learning and MemoryA. LearningB. MemoryC. Stages of memoryi. Encodingii. Consolidationiii. Storageiv. Recall/retrievalD. Types of memoryi. Very short term ii. Short term (STM)iii. Long term (LTM)iv. Explicit/declarativev. Implicit/proceduralIV. Neuroanatomy and MemoryA. Key pointB. Brain regions involved in explicit memoryi. Basal forebrainii. Prefrontal cortexiii. Medial temporal cortexiv. Hippocampusv. Rest of cortexC. Brain regions involved in implicit memoryi. Premotor cortexii. Motor cortexiii. Basal ganglia and cerebellumV. Learning, synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticityA. Synaptic transmissionB. Synaptic plasticityC. Key pointD. Mechanisms of synaptic plasticityi. Changes in the strength of synaptic transmission at existing synapsesii. Changes in the number of synaptic connections between neuronsiii. Changes in the number of neurons and therefore synaptic connections between neuronsE. Synaptic plasticity and memoryi. Very STM and STMii. LTMVI. HabituationA. Studying habituation- Aplysia CalifornicaB. How does habituation happen on the neuron level?i. Normal synaptic transmissionii. Habituated synaptic transmissionCurrent LectureWeek 6- Lecture 10- 2/17 Learning, Memory, and Synaptic Plasticity IGoal: to understand how changes in synaptic transmission are responsible for learning and memory.Learning and MemoryLearning: the acquisition of new or modification of existing knowledge, behavior, and skills. Memory: the storage of acquired knowledge of abilities for later recall. Learning is impossible without memory; if we can’t store knowledge or abilities we can’t acquire or modify behavior or skills. Stages of memory- we lose information at each stage; we can recall very little of what we actually perceive/sense. Encoding: receiving, processing and combining of sensory information and creation of a transient record of the encoded information. This is your working memory; only temporaryYour must sense and perceive information before encoding itSensation: the taking in of sensory informationPerception: the conscious attention that we give to important things. We only perceive important sensations.Consolidation: the stabilization of memory after its initial acquisitionStorage: the formation of a permanent record of the memory. Recall/retrieval: calling back the stored information in the response to some cue for use in a process or activity. Types of memoryThey are categorized byHow long they last- very short term, STM, or LTMWhether it requires conscious effort- implicit vs explicit, declarative vs procedural3 types of memory based on how long they last- these aren’t hard and fast, there’s lots of overlapVery short term: lasts a few seconds to maybe a few minutesShort term (STM): lasts minutes to daysLong term (LTM): lasts days to decades2 types of memory based on whether it needs conscious effortExplicit/declarative: requires conscious effort of recallEx- personal childhood memories (episodic) or factual informationabout the world (semantic)Implicit/declarative: memory of skills that require no conscious effort of recall.These are things that we just do without thinking about itEx- riding a bike, reading, driving. These are strengthened via repetition. Neuroanatomy and MemoryWhere are the different kinds of memory processed, stored, and recalled from?Key point: the brain structures associated with explicit memory are different from those of implicit memory. There’s some overlap, but the main structures are uniquely involved with one type.Brain regions involved in explicit memory (requires conscious effort)Basal forebrain: involved in attention; releases NT (neurotransmitters) to the restof the brain that makes AP (action potential) easier. Prefrontal cortex: important in initial encoding of memoriesMedial temporal cortex and hippocampus: consolidation and storage of spatial and episodic memorySpatial: memory that holds information about your environment and its spatial orientation. Episodic: the collection of personal events associated with people, time, place, emotions, etc. Rest of cortex: long term storage of semantic memory (information about the world)Hippocampus and spatial memoryBirds and rodents that “cache” food, hide it in different areas of their environment, have larger hippocampi than non-caching animals. Cab drivers in London have to pass “The Knowledge” exam of over 20,000streets, they have larger hippocampi than on-cab drivers. The hippocampus has “place neurons” that fire in response to a particularview or orientation, and learning to navigate a maze increases hippocampal size in mice. Brain regions involved implicit memoryPremotor cortex: creates a