Review Sheet 4Topic 1: Psychological TreatmentTopic 2: Social PsychologyPsych 1000 - LudlamReview Sheet 4Topics: Psychological Treatment and Social Psychology TOPIC 1: PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTTwo major approaches1. Psychotherapy: genetic name given to formal psychological treatment2. Biological Therapies: treatment based on medical approaches to illness and diseasea. Psychopharmacology: branch of psychological concerned with the effects of drugs on the mind and behaviorTypes of Psychotherapy1. Psychodynamic Therapy: therapist aims to help a patient examine the patients needs, defenses, and motives as a way of understanding why the patient is distressedi. talking between therapist and patient is conversationalb. Goal: increase the clients awareness of his or her own unconscious psychological processes and how these processes affect daily functioningc. Key techniques and concepts:i. Unconscious: ii. Free Association: client says whatever comes to mind and the therapist looks for signs of unconscious conflictsiii. Interpretations: iv. Resistancev. Insight: patient’s awareness of their unconscious psychological processes 1Psych 1000 - Ludlamand how these processes affect daily functioningvi. Transference: d. How do psychodynamic approaches that are more frequently used today differ from psychoanalysis (as developed by Freud and colleagues)i. Fewer sessions and focus on current relationships2. Humanistic Therapy: treat a person as a whole, not a collection of behaviorsa. Client-Centered (or person-centered, or nondirective): encourages people to fulfill their individual potentials for personal growth through greater self understandingb. Unconditional Positive Regard: therapist does not pass judgment of the client; helps client focus on their subjective experience. Focus on positivesc. Reflective Listening: therapist repeats the clients concerns to help the person clarify their feelingsd. Motivational interviewing: one or two interviews of client centered approach; helps to treat drug and alcohol abuse3. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (combines behavioral and cognitive methods)a. Behavior Therapy: treatment based on premise that behavior is learned and therefore can be unlearned through classical and operant conditioningi. Exposure: repeated exposure to an anxiety producing stimulus/ situationii. Systematic Desensitization: expose client to increasingly anxiety producing situations iii. Behavior modification: alteration of behavioral patterns through the use 2Psych 1000 - Ludlamof positive and negative reinforcementiv. Token economies: patients are rewarded with tokens for appropriate behavior and tokens may be cashed in for valued rewardsb. Cognitive Therapy (Beck): treatment based on idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotionsi. Cognitive Restructuring: therapy that strives to help patients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are in more tune with realityii. Rational-Emotive Therapy (Ellis): therapist explains the clients errors in thinking and demonstrates more adaptive ways to think and behavec. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapyi. Goal: help client understand how their assessments of other’s reactions might be inaccurate1. Correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviorsii. What is CBT like, and how popular is it?: most widely used version of psychotherapy4. Group Therapy - What are the benefits of group therapy?a. Less expensive than individual therapyb. Help improve social skills and learn from one another’s experiences5. Family Therapya. Family Systems Perspective: an individual is part of a larger context; any change in individual behavior will affect the whole system (family)3Psych 1000 - LudlamPsychotropic Medications1. Anti-anxiety medications: psychotropic drug used to treat anxiety (tranquilizers)a. Neurotransmitter typically affected by anti-anxiety medications2. Antidepressant medicationsa. 3 main classes: i. MAOIs: first to be discovered; raise levels of norepinephrine and dopamine => more serotonin available in the synapseii. Tricyclics: inhibit reuptake of neurotransmitters => more available in the synapseiii. SSRIs: inhibit reuptake of serotonin, allows more in the synapse which helps alleviate depression (has several side affects) (also read pp. 687-698)b. Mood stabilizers (not an antidepressant): Lithium (used for bipolarism) is the primary onec. Controversies i. Adolescents and suicide: SSRI’s have been found to cause suicidal thoughts in adolescents (pp. 713-715)ii. Antidepressants found to be no more effective than a placebo for mild to moderate depression. Only more effective for severe depression (see alsop. 700). 3. Antipsychotic medications (neuroleptics): bind to dopamine receptors which blocks the effects of dopamine4Psych 1000 - Ludlami. Used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders1. They do not treat negative effects of schizophrenia (apathy and social withdrawal)b. Neurotransmitter typically affected by anti-psychotic medicationsc. Tardive dyskinesia: side affect of antipsychotics; the involuntary twitching of muscles, especially in the neck and faceAlternative Biological Treatments1. Psychosurgery: used to alter brain functiona. Prefrontal Lobotomies (discontinued): successful for anxiety and depression but not for schizophrenia2. Electroconvulsive Therapy: procedure that involves administering a strong electrical current to the patients brain to produce a seizurea. Commonly used to treat severe depression that is unaffected by medication or psychotherapy 3. Deep Brain Stimulation: implanting electrodes in the brain, mild electricity is used to stimulate the brain at an optimal frequency and intensity a. Used to treat Parkinson’s disease, OCD, and major depression4. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): electrical current flows through a wire coil placed over the scalp to stimulate the brain which interrupts neural function in that regiona. Used to treat severe depressionTypes of Treatment Providers (pp. 687-688)5Psych 1000 - Ludlam1. Clinical psychologists (Ph.D.): work in hospitals and academic setttings; conduct researchand provide treatment2. Clinical psychologists (Psy.D.): emphasize clinical skills over research; provide direct mental health services3. Psychiatrists (MD): work in hospitals and private practice; only mental health practitioners who can legally prescribe drugs in most of the U.S.4. Counseling psychologists (Ph.D.):