Review Sheet 3Topic 1: Human DevelopmentTopic 2: PersonalityTopic 3: Psychological DisordersPsych 1000 – LudlamReview Sheet 3Topics: Human Development, Personality, and Psychological Disorders TOPIC 1: HUMAN DEVELOPMENTDevelopmental Psychology- Human development has both biological and environmental influencesPrenatal Development1. Zygote- created when the sperm and egg unite2. Embryo- (2 weeks -2 months of human development) organs and internal systems begin to form3. Fetus- baby cell after 2 months of prenatal developmentTeratogens- environmental agents that harm the embryo or fetus- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (most severe is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)o Interfere with brain development (neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum)o Symptoms: low birth weight, face and head abnormalities, mental retardation, behavior and cognitive problemsInfant and Child DevelopmentBrain Development1. Myelination- brains way of insulating its nerve fibers; increases speed with which the fibers are able to transmit signals2. Synaptic Pruning- when connections in the brain are not used they decay and dissappearAttachment1. Socioemotional development- maturation of skills and abilities that enable people to livesuccessfully in the world with other people1Psych 1000 – Ludlam2. Emotion regulation- productively express and cope with emotions without hurting themselves or othersa. Environment shapes this (parenting, etc) not born with this3. Attachment (Bowlby)- strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstancesa. Bowlby= forming bonds with other provides protection, increases survival4. Imprinting- when an infant attaches itself to an adult (usually mother) and then follow the object of their attachment5. Harlow’s Monkeys: What did these studies provide evidence for?a. Monkeys raised by fake mother, lack basic social skills as they get olderb. Lack mothering skills once they reproducec. Many behavioral skills are learned, not genetically transferred6. Attachment Stylea. Strange-Situation Test (Ainsworth)- place child in room with caregiver and unfamiliar adult and observe actions of childb. Secure Attachment- (60-65% of children) child is confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as caregiver is presenti. Readily comforted by caregiver in time of distressc. Insecure Attachment- (35-40%) exhibit behaviors of avoiding contact with caregiver or alternating between approach and avoidance behaviorsi. Avoidant- don’t get upset when caregiver leaves; prefer to play with strangerii. Ambivalent (also called Anxious/Ambivalent)- cry when caregiver leaves room2Psych 1000 – Ludlamiii. Inconsolable when caregiver tries to calm them down upon returnInfant Research Techniques1. Preferential-looking technique- show infant 2 things, which ever the infant looks at longer at is the one they find more interesting2. Orienting reflex- humans tendency to pay more attention to new stimuli than to stimuli to which they have become habituated withPiaget’s Stages of Development1. General Concepts:a. Schemas- ways of thinking; conceptual models of how the world worksb. Assimilation- process of placing new information into an existing schemac. Accommodation- process by which we create a new schema or alter an existing one to include new info that otherwise would not fit into the schemad. Theory of Mind- describes ability to explain and predict another persons behavior as a result of recognizing his/her mental state3. Stages: (piagets theory)a. Sensorimotor Stage- infants acquire info about the world through their senses and motor skills (birth – 2 years)1. Reflexive response develop into deliberate actionii. Object Permanence (developing during this stage)- realize that things still exist even when no longer present to the sensesb. Preoperational Stage- children think symbolically about objects but they reason basesd on intuition and superficial appearance rather than logici. Conservation, or the Law of Conservation of Quantity (unable to do conservation tasks)- even if a substance’s appearance changes quantity remains unchanged (tall skinny glass of water vs. short fat glass)ii. Centration- cant think about more than one detail of a problem solving 3Psych 1000 – Ludlamtask at a timeiii. Egocentrism- tendency for preoperational thinkers to view the world through their own experiencesc. Concrete Operational Stage- children begin to think about and understand logicaloperations and are no longer fooled by appearance (age 7 – adolescent)d. Formal Operational Stage- people can think abstractly and they can formulate and test hypotheses through deductive logic (age 12 +)4. Challenges to Piaget’s Theorya. Adults and Formal Operational Thought- adults think more abstractly about topics they are familiar with but not on new unfamiliar tasksb. Underestimating infants and young children (marble and M&M task as example)- infants/ young children understand the quality principle (more than & less than)Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning1. Preconventional- (earliest stage) self interest and event outcomes determine what is moral2. Conventional- (middle stage) strict adherence to societal rules and the approval of others determine what is moral3. Postconventional- (highest stage) decisions about morality depend on abstract principlesand the value of lifeMoral emotions1. Empathy- understanding another’s emotional state and feeling what the other person is feeling or would be expected to feel in a given situation2. Sympathy- arises from feeling of concern, pitty, or sorrow for anothera. Involve feelings FOR a person4Psych 1000 – Ludlam3. Parental behaviors that promote moral development pg 392Socioemotional Development- Erikson’s 8 psychosocial stages, each with developmental task or challenge to be resolved1. Infancy- problem- children learn that the world is safe and people are loving a reliable2. Toddler- children gain feelings of independence & positive self esteem3. Preschool- develop sense of purpose by taking on responsibilitiesa. Develop capacity to feel guilty for misdeeds4. Childhood- children learn to feel competent by assessing how others view them and by working successfully with other5. Adolescence- develop sense of identity by exploring social rules6. Young adulthood- gain ability to commit to long term relationships7. Middle adulthood- gain sense of leaving behind a positive legacy and caring for future generations8. Old age- feel sense of satisfaction that