ZOOL 3214 1st Edition Lecture 1I. Body OrientationA. Anatomical Position- Palms facing forward and up, feet pointing straight up to the ceilingB. Directional Terms- Proximal: toward point of attachment- Distal: away from point of attachment- Superior: toward head area- Interior: toward feet area- Anterior: front side of body- Posterior: back side of body- Medial: toward midline of body- Lateral: away from midline- Right & Left: fixed termsC. Planes of Reference- Frontal Plane: divides the body into Front (Anterior) & Back (Posterior) halves- Medial Plane: divides the body into right and left halves- Transvers Plane: divides the body into top and bottom- Level of Approach: Gross Anatomy & Microscopic Anatomy2. Cytology: Basic Cell Features* Eukaryotic Cells: top of cell (Apical surface) & bottom of cell (Basal Surface)- Nucleus- Mitochondria- Other membrane bound organelles- Cytoplasm- Cell Membrane* Lumen is the space that the Apical surface facesB. Cell Shapes* Squamous: flat & scaly, rapid diffusion* Cuboidal: dice w/equal ht & wdth* Columnar: ht is greater than the wdth* Polygonal: has 5 sides like a polygon (house)* Stellate: “stars” they are nervesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.* Spheroid: “circles” like white blood cells* Discoid: “discs” like red blood cells* Fusiform: spindle-shape* Fibrous: long tube-like shape3. Histology* Study of tissues* Tissue: a group of cells w/particular function* Organ: build from a group of tissues* Tissue Location: in the extracellular matrix that is tailored to the tissue type* 4 Key Types of Tissue1. Epithelial- Covers Surfaces- Lining Tubes- Forming/lining glands (exocrine glands)- Produce secretions (some not all)2. Muscle- 3 Types: Skeleton, Smooth, and Cardiac- Movement- Respond due to signals from NS & Heart for cardiac- Smooth helps w/ peristalsis (movement of food after a meal)3. Connective- Binds things together (organs)- Provides support (cushioning)- Protection- Diverse Category (ex. Blood, bone, adipose tissue (fat), lymph)4. Nervous- Communication within/without the body- Integration- Decision Making-Sensory in-put & Motor out-put4. Classification of Epithelia TissueA. Classes:1. Simple: each cell touches the membrane2. Pseudostratified: some may touch the membrane & some times stacked3. Stratified: only certain ones touch the membrane & stackedB. Cell Shapes1. Squamous2. Cuboidal3. Columnar1. Simple squamous ep.- Lining SI, capillaries in Glomeruli of nephrons in kidneys, Alveoli of lungs- Rapid diffusion (ex. Gas exchange)2. Simple cuboidal ep.- Lining glands (ex. Liver, thyroid, in renal tubules)- Secretion & Absorption3. Simple columnar ep.- SI - More flexible than cuboidal- Absorption aided by (Brush Border0- With Goblet Cells they produce & secrete mucus4. Pseudostratified Columnar ep.- Looks separate, but each cell connects to the basement membrane- Ciliated, Goblet Cells- Respiratory system5. Keratinized Stratified Squamous ep.- Epidermis- Can really see layers6. Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous ep.- Multiple layers of squamous cells- Moist cavities, tubes that are going to be in contact w/outside world7. Stratified Cuboidal ep.- Line exocrine glands (ducts/tubules)- Ex. Apocrine sweat glands8. Transitional ep. - Distensible: to stretch out (ex. Balloon)- Found in lining of umbilical cord & urinary bladder & ureters- Domed appearance: flattened