Brain and Behavior-Link (Josh's story)-How do we study the brain and behavior?oEvolutionoNormal brains oBrain damage The Brain-2 main structuresoCerebrum (forebrain)-2 hemispheres-Conscious behaviors oCerebellum -Learning and skilled motor movements -Brain stem oMost primitive part, and most unchanged oUnconscious behavior The Nervous System -Neuron: nerve cell involved in information processing -CNS: central nervous system oBrain & spinal cord oEncased in bone -PNS: peripheral nervous system oThe rest of the nerves -Check figure 1-2 on pg.4 Behavior -Inherited (innate) behaviors-Learned behaviors oSimple vs. complex nervous system -Nature vs. Nurture oMost animals behaviors are a fusion of the two History -Aristotle and Mentalism oMentalism: a belief the "mind" is responsible for behavior oThe idea of a "mind" (or souls or psyche) comes from ancient GreeceoAristotle's view didn’t account for the brain in anyway-Descartes and Dualism oFusion of the body and mind oMechanical and physical properties oFirst attempt to explain what the brain didoDualism: both a nonmaterial mind and a material body contribute to behavior -Darwin and MaterialismoMaterialism came before Darwin oMaterialism: behavior can be explained as a function of the brain and therest of the nervous system without the "mind" Evolution-Darwin/Wallace and Evolution (1858)-Descent with modification Evolution via Natural Selection -Natural Selection: Differential success in the reproduction of different characteristics (phenotypes) results from the interaction of organisms with their environment -Common ancestry -Very similar characteristics Unnatural Selection -Gregor Mendel (1857)-Breeding that is tampered by humans – he did with crossbreeding peasoPunnett Squares -Genetics -Cyric and Prium Natural Selection -Evolution is all about random mutations -Peppered Moth -Industrial Revolution Terminology-Genotype oParticular genetics makeup of an individual-Phenotype oIndividual characteristics that can be seen or measured -Epigenetics oDifferences in gene expression related to environment an experience Nervous System Evolution -Neurons and Muscles oAllowed animals to move-Nerve netoJelly fish - have no brain (just reaction)-Bilateral symmetry oFlatworms -Segmentation oEarthworms (similar to our vertebrae) -Ganglia oClams, octopuses -Spinal cord -Brain oAmphibians, mammals, reptiles, and birds Human Evolution -Why humans?oEvolved because of their refined diet oBiggest cognitive horse power - optimize it o-200-65 million years agooDinosaurs- we were primates (they were dominant) it became extinct oWe evolved from common ancestors -Diet oProtein oPlants oForging for fruit – involved spreading out which led to development of complex nervous systemsoRegrowth -Wait about a year for same fruit to grow-Migrate -More complex behavior oCerebrum and cerebellum-Upright posture and gave us our hands to interact with environment -Making tools/using-Language –MOST IMPORTANT -Common Ancestry -Humans are Apes!!!! – closest relative is the chimpanzee-Earth- 4.5 billion years ago-Life- 3.5 billion -Brain cells- 700 million-Brain- 250 million -Humanlike brain- 6 million -Modern human brain- 200, 000The Nervous System-BrainoBehavior oStimulation-Something causes another thing to be triggered (hand on hot stove)oPerception -A subjective interpretation of reality -You learn most from emotional memories; emotions inhibit frontal lobe functioning-SoundoMcgurk Effect: sight and sound are not working in 100% cohesion -The plastic brainoNot set in stone -Learning-Injury -Neuroplasticity: The nervous system's potential for physical or chemical change that enhances is adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury -Central Nervous system (CNS)oBrainoSpinal cord-Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)oEvery other nerve fiber that extends out from the CNS oAutonomic nervous system-Sympathetic nervous system -Parasympathetic nervous system oSomatic nervous system-Sensory nerves-Motor nerves Peripheral Nervous System -Peripheral Nervous System oSomatic Nervous System-Part of the PNS that includes the cranial and spinal nerves to and from the muscles, joints, and skin that produce movement, transmit incoming sensory input, and inform the CNS about the position and movements of body parts oAutonomic Nervous System -Part of the PNS that regulates the functioning of internal organs and glands Sympathetic -Arousing -Fight or Flight Parasympathetic-CalmingoCommunication -Afferent - incoming information (out -> in) hand on hot stove - feel it (fingertips to brains)-Efferent - outgoing information (in -> out ) remove hand from stove oCheck out oThe basics : finding your way around the brain (pgs. 38-39) (not for animals )oBrain body orientation -Dorsal - up -Ventral-down-Medial- middle -Lateral- side oSpatial orientation -Dorsal - up -Ventral - down -Anterior- forward-Posterior- backward oAnatomical orientation -Coronal - cuts front/ back *anterior/posterior (frontal view)-Horizontal - cuts top to bottom *dorsal/ventral (dorsal view)-Sagittal- cutting two hemispheres (medial view) The Brain -The brain is covered by the meninges oMeninges : three layers of protective tissue that encase the brain and spinal cord -The brain is anatomically divided into two hemispheres -Corpus callosum: band of white matter containing about 200 million nerve fiber that connects the two cerebral hemispheres to provide a route for direct communication -The brain functionally is divided into 4 lobes -The lobesoTemporal lobe: hearing language and musical abilities oOccipital lobe: visual processing oParietal lobe: movements towards goals (tasks such as gasping), sensory integration, and navigation oFrontal lobe: executive functioning (e.g.: decision making)-A couple other terms to know…oSulcus (fissure): a groove in brain matter-Longitudinal fissure: splits two hemisphere-Central fissure: middle split frontal and parietal -Lateral fissure: splits above temporal lobe oGyrus: a protrusion or bump in brain matter -Gray Matter: areas of nervous system composed predominantly of cell bodies and capillary blood vessels that function either to collect and modify info or to support this activity-White Matter: areas of nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axons that form the connection between brain cells-Ventricles: there are 4. They are cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid thatcushions the brain and play a role in