I. Correction to Mechanism Intramolecular Reaction AlkylationII. Other Sources of Suitable Carbocation in Friedel Crafts AlkylationIII. Limitations of Friedel Crafts Alkylation ReactionsIV. Friedel Crafts AcylationI. Ring Activation and DeactivationII. EAS RegiochemistryI. Ring Activation and Deactivationa. Mono-substituted benzenes are activated or deactivated for further EAS (electrophilic aromatic substitution)b. If substituent is electron donating, it activates the ring for further EASc. If the substituent is electron withdrawing, it deactivates the ring for further EASi. For Freidel Crafts, deactivation will not allow for the reaction to happen at all. Hower, sulfonation, nitration, and halogenation are still possible.d. Whenever considering which reaction will happen at a faster or slower rate, you have to look at the rate-determining step, which is formation of the carbocation.i. The rate determining steps are compared relative to the reference ring which is just a naked benzeneii. When benzene has an EDG substituent, an electron donating group, it stabilizes the carbocation intermediate. And therefore there is a lower activation energy barrier for the formation of this kind of carbocation (lower than a carbocation formed from naked benzene)iii. If a benzene ring has an EWG (electron withdrawing group) as a substituent, the activation energy barrier required to form the carbocation is higher than that of naked benzenee. Please refer to the handout on CourseWeb that contains the list of EWG’s and EDG’sII. EAS Regiochemistrya. Directing effects relate to type of substituenti. Trends exist: activators direct ortho/para and deactivators direct metaii. Substituents that inductively interact with the ring allow for NO resonance.1. Trace amounts of meta arrangements of the substituted electrophile in the meta position are produced, but major products is para (sterically favorable, para position allows for the furthest possible arrangement spatially between the substituent and the electrophile)a. Ortho is significant, but not major.b. In Ch. 16, regiochemistry is going to be controlled by kineticsi. This means that regiochemistry is going to be controlled by the most stable carbocationii. You must look at the carbocation intermediates and the more stable carbocation forms the major productc. When you have strong electron withdrawers attached to a ring that contains activators, the ring is still activated. The direction of the electrophile is determined by the strongest activator on the ring (even if it’s the only activator on the ring)CHEM 0320 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Correction to Mechanism Intramolecular Reaction Alkylation II. Other Sources of Suitable Carbocation in Friedel Crafts AlkylationIII. Limitations of Friedel Crafts Alkylation Reactions IV. Friedel Crafts Acylation Outline of Current Lecture I. Ring Activation and Deactivation II. EAS RegiochemistryCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. Ring Activation and Deactivation a. Mono-substituted benzenes are activated or deactivated for further EAS (electrophilic aromatic substitution) b. If substituent is electron donating, it activates the ring for further EAS c. If the substituent is electron withdrawing, it deactivates the ring for further EASi. For Freidel Crafts, deactivation will not allow for the reaction to happen atall. Hower, sulfonation, nitration, and halogenation are still possible. d. Whenever considering which reaction will happen at a faster or slower rate, you have to look at the rate-determining step, which is formation of the carbocation. i. The rate determining steps are compared relative to the reference ring which is just a naked benzene ii. When benzene has an EDG substituent, an electron donating group, it stabilizes the carbocation intermediate. And therefore there is a lower activation energy barrier for the formation of this kind of carbocation (lower than a carbocation formed from naked benzene)iii. If a benzene ring has an EWG (electron withdrawing group) as a substituent, the activation energy barrier required to form the carbocation is higher than that of naked benzene e. Please refer to the handout on CourseWeb that contains the list of EWG’s and EDG’sII. EAS Regiochemistrya. Directing effects relate to type of substituent i. Trends exist: activators direct ortho/para and deactivators direct meta ii. Substituents that inductively interact with the ring allow for NO resonance. 1. Trace amounts of meta arrangements of the substituted electrophile in the meta position are produced, but major products is para (sterically favorable, para position allows for the furthest possible arrangement spatially between the substituent and the electrophile) a. Ortho is significant, but not major. b. In Ch. 16, regiochemistry is going to be controlled by kinetics i. This means that regiochemistry is going to be controlled by the most stable carbocation ii. You must look at the carbocation intermediates and the more stable carbocation forms the major product c. When you have strong electron withdrawers attached to a ring that contains activators, the ring is still activated. The direction of the electrophile is determined by the strongest activator on the ring (even if it’s the only activator on the