BIO 105 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 9 14 Be mindful these lectures are according to the book the lectures in the book and gradebuddy do not align however the dates provided should help Lecture 9 Jan 29th Endergonic Reactions Anabolic Pathway Absorb energy and yield products rich in potential energy Requires energy Assemble molecules from smaller Product has MORE energy than reactants Adds energy so that you have more energy EXAMPLE PHOTOSYNTHESIS Exergonic Reactions Catabolic Pathway Yield products that contain less potential energy than their reactants Breakdown large molecules to smaller Release energy Losing energy Remember Exergonic Reactions have energy that exits which means it is losing energy EXAMPLE AEROBIC RESPIRATION breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water Enzymes 5 Characteristics 1 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers 2 Enzymes are substrate specific react with specific substances lock and key fit 3 The active site is an enzyme s catalytic center causes reaction 4 A cell s physical and chemical environment affects enzyme activity i e Salt pH etc 5 Enzymes are reusable they are not destroyed These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity Coenzymes and Cofactors Allosteric regulators Temperature pH Salt Concentration Cell Movement Cell Movement Definition Diffusion Simple and facilitated passive movement of like molecules or ions down a concentration gradient Hydrophobic molecules and very small uncharged non polar molecules diffuse directly through membrane Facilitated Diffusion Hydrophilic substances and larger molecules diffuse through membranes with assistance of transport proteins passive Osmosis Passive movement of water down its concentration gradient across a membrane to dilute solute on other side water molecules tend to passively diffuse down its water concentration gradient Active Transport Proteins act as pumps moving substances across membrane against concentration gradient usually using ATP active Phagocytosis cell eating bigger molecules Pinocytosis cell dringking little droplets of fluid Receptor Mediated i e cholesterol Lecture 10 Feb 3rd Photosynthesis Equation 12H O 6CO 6O C H O 6H O Where does hydrogen come from in plants Splitting of water Light Dependent Reactions Cyclic and Noncyclic occurs in the thylakoid membrane system Cyclic ATP forms requires one photosystem Noncylic ATP and NADH form water is split and oxygen released requires two photosystems Light Independent Reactions Calvin Benson Cycle reactions occur in the stroma Reactants carbon dioxide ATP NADPH Products produced Glucose ADP NADP Primary chlorophyll found in plants Chlorophyll a greatest Lecture 11 Feb 3rd and Feb 5th Aerobic Stages 1 Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm 2 Krebs Cycle TCA occurs in Mitochondria 3 Electron Transport Phosphorylation ETC ETP occurs in mitochondria a Oxygen final electron acceptor Glycolysis 2NADH Preparatory Reactions 2NADH Krebs Cycle 2 FADH 6 NADH Total 2FADH 10 NADH Energy summary of ATP produced per molecule of glucose Glycolysis 2 ATP formed by substrate level phosphorylation Krebs Cycle TCA 2 ATP formed by substrate level phosphorylation Electron Transport Phospholation ETP ETC 32 ATP formed What is the main source of energy in the human diet Carbohydrates Anaerobic Conditions Lactic Acid Fermentation humans ferment lactic acid in muscles when oxygen becomes depleted Alcohol Fermentation not in humans Cellular anaerobic respiration Lecture 12 Feb 5th Feb 10th What is secreted after eating Insulin Cancer Cells no cell cycle controls they ignore the rules Cancer cells do not stop diving when growth factors are depleted they may o Manufacture their own growth factors o Have abnormally in signaling pathway o Have problem in cell cycle control system If and when cancer cells stop dividing they do so at random points not at the normal checkpoints in the cell cycle 5 Cell Cycles of Mitosis 1 Interphase longest cycle DNA is duplicated cells appear to be inactive but they are quite the opposite 2 Prophase3 Metaphase chromosomes line up in the middle 4 Anaphase centrioles part 5 Telophase When does synapsis occur Prophase Cell cycles of Meiosis 1 Interphase 2 Prophase 1 3 Metaphase 1 4 Anaphase 1 5 Telophase 1 6 Cytokinesis 7 Interphase 2 8 Metaphase 2 9 Anaphase 2 10 Telophase 2 Meiosis produces 4 daughter cells requires 2 divisions daughter cells are haploid 1n genetically variable to parent cells Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells requires 1 division daughter cells are diploid genetically identical to parent cells Lecture 13 Feb 10th Feb 12th Blood Types O universal donor ii AB Universal acceptor AB Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Trait typically appears in every generation most homozygous combinations lethal aborted or die before birth Heterozygote s show disease Incompletely Dominant Disorders Chromosomal Disorders Disorders can come from changes in chromosomal structure such as Deletions and mutations in a part of a chromosome Genetic Disorders Characteristics Huntington s disease Problem disease disease shows in 30s after many have reproduced autosomal dominant Achondroplasia Another autosomal disorder Homozygous form usually leads to stillbirth heterozygotes display a type of dwarfism Familial Hypercholesterolemia Affects the number of LDL cholesterol receptors on cells homozygous for defective gene has non receptors cannot process cholesterol have high blood cholesterol levels and develop cardiovascular disease in teenage years heterozygous individual have half the normal number of receptors and elevated blood levels incompletely dominant X Linked Recessive Inheritance Males show disorder more than females son cannot inherit disorder from his father because father must give Y to son incompletely dominant Williams Syndrome Chromosome 7 loses an end piece turned up nose wide mouth with small chin poor academic skills but well developed verbal and musical skills chromosomal disorder Cri du chat syndrome Chromosome 5 loses an end piece small head mental retardation cat like cry Down Syndrome Extra chromosome 21 trisomy of chromosome 21 Turner Syndrome Inheritance of only on X XO 98 spontaneously aborted survivors are short infertile females Klinfelter Syndrome XXY condition results mainly from nondisjunction in mother 67 phenotype is tall males sterile or nearly so