BIO 105 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideLecture 1: (Jan. 8)- Biology- the study of lifeLecture 2: (Jan. 8)- Biosphere- sum of planet’s ecosystem- Communities- all population of different species in an area- Population- group of individuals of same species in an area- Ecosystem- all forms of life in an area and non-living factors- Biotic- living factors that influence life in the biosphere (predation and competition)- Abiotic- nonliving factors that influence life in the biosphere (solar energy, water, temperature, wind)- Middle Stratosphere- contains ozone layer- Inner Troposphere- greenhouse effect- Industrial Smog- Gray smog- cities that burn large amounts of coal and heavy fuels, main components are sulfur oxide- Photochemical Smog-brown smog- automobile exhaust, nitrogen oxides are the main culprits- Eutrophic- shallow, nutrient rich, has high primary productivity- Oligotrophic- deep, nutrient poor; has low primary productivity- Seasonal Overturn- takes place in spring and fall- Oceans Biome- water covers 75% of earth’s surface, 93% of this is salt water- Photic Zone- where light penetrates-most productive area on Earth- Aphotic Zone- no light but still high in activity-depends on organic matter that sinks down from the photic zone for energy- Tropical Forests-cluster near equator, vertical stratification highest here- Deserts-less than 10 centimeters annual rainfall, 30 degrees north and south of the equator- Arctic-is a type of tundra, permafrost lies beneath the surface- Alpine-is a type of tundra, no underlying permafrostLecture 3 (Jan. 13)- Producers- are the closest to the energy input and are the first trophic level- Energy transfers between levels are never 100%- actually less than 20%- to as low as 10%- Water cycle-ocean main reservoir- Nitrogen cycle-atmosphere main reservoir- Carbon cycle- sediments and rocks main reservoir- Phosphorus cycle- earth’s crust main reservoir- only one without and “atmospheric” component-most prevalent limiting factor in ecosystems- Know that 51% of the US groundwater is contaminatedLecture 4 (Jan. 13)- Innate Behavior- behavior performed in same way by all individuals of a species- Sign stimulus- causes a Fixed Action Pattern- a stereotyped response- Learning- responses that change with experience- Imprinting- time dependent form of learning (ducklings lose their mom, but there is a cat that is always around them they then adopt the cat to be their “mom”)- Starling Nest Decoration- Starlings line nest with wild carrot- WHY? Experimenters removed wild carrot from some nests, Result: Mites increase (carrots protected nest and birds from mites)Lecture 5 (Jan. 15)Be able to match definitions with examples or resultsInterspecific Interaction Effect on Species 1 Effect on Species 2 ExampleCompetition Negative (-) Negative (-) Weeds in gardenMutualism Positive (+) Positive (+) Bees and flowersPredation Positive (+) Negative (-) Lion and antelopesHerbivory Positive (+) Negative (-) Caterpillars and leavesParasites and pathogens Positive (+) Negative (-) Heartworm and dogs, Salmonella and humansCommensalism Positive (+) Unaffected (0) Barnacles on a whale- Keystone Species- exerts an important regulation effect on other species in a community (Otter, if otters are removed, the community structure is greatly affected)- Primary Succession- glacier retreat, lava bed; mosses, lichens, & small plants with brief life cyclesgrow in first- Secondary Succession- after fire; grasses grow in first, then tress and other organisms- Know that the farther you go from the equator the less species will be presentLecture 6 (Jan. 15)- Clumped- dispersion is when individual aggregate in patches- fish, humans- Uniform- dispersion is when individuals are evenly spaced- penguins- Random-dispersion, the position of each individual is independent of the others- forest- Type 1 Survivorship Curves- fewer offspring-few die young- most individuals survive until old age (humans)- Type 2 Survivorship Curves- chance of death pretty similar in young and older- slanted line- death rate consistent over time (songbirds, lizards)- Type 3 Survivorship Curves- produce a lot of offspring, many individuals die early – if survive to adult- good chance to live (oysters, fish)- “J” Shaped Curve- exponential growth, population size expands by ever increasing increments during successive intervals- Know that the impact of death on growth is that death slows rate of increase but does not prevent exponential growth- just shifts it to the rightLecture 7 (Jan. 20)- Isotopes- atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons- How atoms work: The atom’s center is made up of protons and neutrons. Around the atom arerings or layers. In the first layer there are ONLY two seats for electrons. On the next layers there are ONLY eight seats for electrons. The electrons must fill up the seats in layer one before filling up the seats in layer two and so on. In layer two where there are eight seats the electrons sit the farthest from one another. Basically like when a guy uses the urinals, they do not stand directly next to another person instead they go farther down. When the electrons fillup the seats farthest away they then fill in the rest of the seats. This is the same concept with electrons! - Know that there are eight electrons in the outer shell- More bonds can be created when there are 4 electrons in the outer shell- Protons – positive charges- Electrons- negative charges- Neutrons- no charge, neutral - Polar Bond- electrons spend more time near nucleus with most protons- unequal pull- Nonpolar Bond- atoms share electrons- pull equally- Properties of water- bonds to hydrophilic substances, repels hydrophobic ones, stabilizes temperature, expands when it freezes, cohesive, capacity to dissolve substances- Know that organic = carbon- Macromolecules- 1) carbohydrates 2) Lipids 3)Proteins 4) Nucleic Acids- Carbohydrates-plants storage form of carbs is starch; humans storage form of carbs is glycogen, humans store energy in muscle and liver- Saturated Fatty Acid- no carbon-carbon bonds, a hydrogen at every possible position- Unsaturated Fatty Acid- one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (remove a hydrogen), have a “kink” where double bond is- Proteins-made up of amino acidsLecture 8 (Jan. 22)- Structure of cellso Plasma membrane- outermost membrane, give shape to cell, things can pass across this membraneo Nucleus- region where DNA is stored, the brain of the