URBNST 0083 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 11 1 8 15 Early History of the City 1600s 1840 60 Preindustrial commerce and trade 1840 60 1920 50 Industrial manufacturing 1950s today post industrial service Preindustrial 1790 first census o Only 5 of population lived in urban spaces by the end 10 Urban Place a place with 2 500 people o All cities located near a body of water o Centers of trade o Centers of defense Manhattan had batteries forts had to protect against sea forces Wall Street once was an actual wall for protection o Educational centers o Where one went for information news spread by word of mouth o Government centers o Religious headquarters Trade major function of cities o Colonies primarily exported agricultural goods Timber tobacco rice etc o Import manufactured products luxury products Glass cloth tea coffee sugar Hinterland o The area surrounding the city o Agriculture basically grew made what they needed and lived off of it City Hierarchy our class differences derived from these classes o Highest importers bankers merchants shopkeepers o Middle largest craftsmen artisans making goods Highly skilled made every part of a good from start to finish o Lowest unskilled workers sailors domestic workers Population o Western Northern European descent Scotland Ireland Germany France England o Expanded through immigration Huge numbers coming from Western Europe o Birth rates increased o Healthier diet led to lower death rate Labor in markets o Needed people to buy products and needed them to have the money to do so o Needed people to manufacture goods Changes in technology o Transportation Steamboat allowed boats to move against wind currents 1820 69 steamboats 1865 757 steamboats Canals manmade waterways built to connect water Erie canal NYC to Great Lakes lowered cost of transportation Important for a short period of time Railroads 1840s 50s solved problems got government funding for construction and some from foreign sources Cities wanted railroad stations huge for development Southern Cities o Cotton exported to Europe turned into cloth sent back to states o Weren t concerned about labor saving devices because of slavery o Southern cities didn t grow as a result Denver San Francisco o Gold and silver people flocked and these cities grew rapidly o Primarily men so people wanted to move out and build taverns general stores 1 13 15 Preindustrial Early 1900s Wirth Academic scholar at the University of Chicago first department of sociology in the United States Chicago School Defines a city as big population high population density and social heterogeneity o Diverse in all regards religion age race ethnicity socioeconomic class etc o Advantages more tolerant when you re around people who are different o Disadvantages less familiarity of people don t have close ties o Accommodating the average the more people you have the more you have to accommodate the average Tonnies 1880s Gemeinschaft communities small towns rural areas small communities small number of people spread out but know each other o Behave in certain ways because you know what is expected of you everyone agrees on what is right and what is wrong everyone knows everybody else o Ex Amish communities Gesellschaft big cities o Densely packed self interest is paramount Preindustrial Cities City leaders would lay out streets usually on a grid o Had to get around topography Philly was flat easy Pittsburgh was hilly swampy had to figure out how to fit grids Small long plots of lands but bigger plots of land away from city for farming o Safer to have them close together protect each other from Native Americans fear of the unknown Commons area in the middle of the town for common activities militia training church gatherings Washington DC o L Enfant hired by DC to create city plan laid out as seat of government o 3 central spaces instead of 1 for different branches of government Preindustrial cities were walking cities o Boston grew along river couldn t grow too far from where activity was because everyone had to walk to get places o Everyone lived near each other no matter socioeconomic class race etc Differences in socioeconomic class where visible by how they lived not where they lived Wealthy could afford fine arts imports etc Very poor lived in shacks In taverns people of all classes mingled with each other exchanged information etc Cities were filthy o No sewage system Outhouses and chamber pots emptied into streets o No municipal services garbage o Some streets were muddy some were cobblestone o Feral pigs brought into city to take care of waste Middle class growth o Family as an economic unit In rural areas whole family contributed to agriculture o Roles of women changed dramatically Men were out in the workplace the woman was at home Had to take care of the husband and children in charge of morals of family guide husband Raise patriotic citizens o Children For the first time seen as different than adults beings who had different needs to play etc Field of pediatrics developed within 50 years o Cult of domesticity New middle class values that began to develop Not necessarily good for women No right to vote land went to first son not widows Became more and more marginalized Development of Municipal Services mid 19 th century o Law enforcement schools firefighters trash sewage services etc o Preindustrial cities relied on volunteers to provide services o People were resistant to give money to local governments for these services Recent revolutionary war didn t like being taxed by the British o Reasons it worked As cities were growing multiple crises occurred that affected everybody Major city fires everything was made of wood Epidemic diseases tuberculosis cholera Concerns about the economy People wouldn t trade with a city affected with an epidemic Growing middle class cult of domesticity new values No longer accepting the filth sensibilities began to change o Fire departments developed second half of 19 th century o Water systems by end of 19th century o Caring for dependent citizens The elderly sick physically and mentally disabled orphans Established almshouses around 1830s Designed to take care of a cities dependent citizens by the end of the 19 th century institutions became more specific Health issues o Temporary health boards Quarantine people in their house or brought them to places Responsible for taking care of dead inspecting ships coming into port etc 1 15 15 Jane Jacobs Urban planning