Chapter OneChapter TwoChapter ThreeChapter FourIntroduction to InterpersonalCommunicationKey TermsCHAPTER ONEStigma A characteristic that discredits a person, making him or her be seen as abnormal or undesirable.Five Needs Served by Communication- Physical needs – maintain physical and mental well-being- Relational needs – form social and personal relationships- Identity needs – decide who we are and who we want to be- Spiritual needs – share our beliefs and values with others- Instrumental needs – accomplish day to day tasksInstrumental Needs Practical, everyday needs.Model A formal description of a processAction Model A sender encodes a message and conveys it through a communication channel for a receiver to decode. Ex. Leaving a voicemailInteraction Model Our messages are shaped by the feedback we receive from others and by the context in which we are interacting.Transaction Model Both people in a conversation are simultaneously senders and receivers. Source The originator of a thought or ideaEncode To put an idea into language or gestureMessage Verbal and nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaningChannel A pathway through which messages are conveyedDecode To interpret or give meaning to a messageReceiver The party who interprets the a messageNoise Anything that interferes with the encoding or decoding of a messageFeedback Verbal and nonverbal responses to a messageContext The physical or psychological environment in which communication occursChannel-rich context A communication context involving many channels at onceChannel-lean context A communication context involving few channels at onceSymbol A representation of an ideaContent dimension Literal information that is communicated by a messageRelational dimension Signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicatedMetacommunication Communication about communicationExplicit rule A rule about behavior that has been clearly articulatedImplicit rule A rule about behavior that has not been clearly articulated but is nonetheless understoodCommunication Myths - Everyone is an expert in communication- Communication will solve any problem- Communication can break down- Communication is inherently good- More communication is always betterInterpersonal Communication Communication that occurs between two people within the context of their relationship and that, as it evolves, helps them to negotiate and define their relationship.Intrapersonal Communication Communication with oneselfMass Communication Communication from one source to a large audienceSmall Group Communication Communication occurring within small groups of three or more peopleImpersonal Communication Focuses on a task rather than a relationshipDyad A pair of peopleCommunication Competence Communicating in ways that are effective and appropriate for a givensituationCharacteristics of Competent Communicators- Self-Awareness- Adaptability- Empathy- Cognitive Complexity- EthicsSelf-Monitoring Awareness of one’s behavior and how it affects othersAdaptability Ability to modify your behaviors as the situation demandsEmpathy The ability to think and feel as others doCognitive Complexity The ability to understand a given situation in multiple waysEthics A code of morality or a set of ideas about what is rightCHAPTER TWOCulture The system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from anotherSociety A group of people who share symbols, language, values and normsIn-group A group of people with whom one identifiesOut-group A group of people with whom one does not identifyCulture Shock The jarring reaction we have when we find ourselves in highly unfamiliar situationsEthnocentrism Systematic preference for characteristics of one’s own cultureEnculturation The process of learning a cultureNationality An individual’s status as a citizen of a particular countryEthnicity An individual’s perception of his or her heritage or ancestryComponents of Culture - Symbols- Language- Values- NormsCo-Cultures Groups of people who share values, customs and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics beyond their national citizenshipSimilarity Assumption Assuming that most people think the same way we do, without asking ourselves whether that’s trueAspects of Culture - Individualism and Collectivism- Low and High Context- Low and High Power Distance - Masculine and Feminine- Monochronic and Polychronic- Uncertainty Avoidance- Communication CodesIndividualistic Culture A culture that emphasizes individuality and responsibility to oneselfCollectivistic Culture A culture that places greater emphasis on loyalty to the family, workplace, or community than on the needs of the individualLow-Context Culture A culture in which verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literallyHigh-Context Culture A culture in which verbal communication is often ambiguous, and meaning is drawn from contextual clues, such as facial expressions and tone of voiceLow-Power-Distance Culture A culture in which power is not highly concentrated in specific groups of peopleHigh-Power-Distance Culture A culture in which much or most of the power is concentrated in a few people, such as royalty or a ruling political partyMonochronic A concept that treats time as a finite commodity that can be earned, saved, spent and wastedPolychronic A concept that treats time as an infinite resource rather than a finite commodityUncertainty Avoidance The degree to which people try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictableCommunication Codes Verbal and nonverbal behaviors, such as idioms and gestures, that characterize a culture and distinguish it from other culturesGender A broad term encompassing the influences of gender roles, biologicalsex and sexual orientationGender Role A set of expectations for appropriate behavior that a culture typicallyassigns to an individual based on his or her biological sexMasculinity A gender role, typically assigned to men, that emphasizes strength, dominance, competition, and logical thinkingFemininity A gender role, typically assigned to women, that emphasizes expressive, nurturing behaviorAndrogyny A gender role distinguished by a combination of masculine and feminine characteristicsMetrosexual A man, usually a heterosexual, who has adopted the more feminine behavior of paying a great deal of attention to his appearance and