POLS 131 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Chapters 1 4 Chapter 1 Chapter 1 International relations The interaction of states The difference between Nation and State State Political unit composed of people well defined territory Set of governing institutions Sovereign Sovereign Ability of a state to be independent and free from the control of another state Nation A group of people who have strong emotional cultural linguistic religious historical ties This means that the nation state is not the same as Nation and State International Relations Focuses on three main questions 1 What are the contexts in which states operate ad how do these contexts shape or influence the decisions government make 2 What are the major objectives and interests of states in international politics and what strategies do they employ to achieve them 3 How are the choices made by states explained Key to understanding International Relations IR is that countries struggle for power State centric model Pluralism and Interdependence Transition made from traditional international relations Global issues Happened because of Pluralism and Interdependence Not only do States actors in world politics matter but also Non State actors Organizations that are not formally associated with governments and play a crucial role in setting the international agenda Because of the violence and threats States counted on military power Threats Global financial crisis population growth and migration organized crime drug trafficking etc Military power Nuclear weapon Threaten the extinction of most of the world making them use military This meant security Human security What is Human Security Challenges that human beings face every day not necessarily related to military power The concept of Human Security focuses on seven categories of threats 1 Economic assured basic income 2 Food access to an adequate supply to food 3 Health access to basic health care 4 Environmental access to clean water clean air 5 Personal safety from physical violence and threats 6 Community safety from ethnic cleansing and genocide 7 Political protection of basic human rights and freedoms Global politics political issues and activities by states and non state actors that extend across national boundaries and that they have implications for most of the world Global norms set of basic values that are increasingly common to human societies The growth of the Modern State Humanism a system of thought that centers on human being and their values capacities and worth Humanism was what led to Modern state This was the time when Church had its own voice and started to have influence At that point queens kings and prices tempted to enhance their own power by promoting territorial independence For the Church the most out spoken critic of the Catholic Church Martin Luther Reformation leader Sovereignty Jean Bodin French philosopher lawyer Believed that order could be restored through a combination of greater religious tolerance and the establishment of a fully sovereign monarch Hugo Grotius Dutch lawyer Universal Catholic laws were replaced by international law which was created to govern the interaction of states and to establish order The international law had three components 1 States were governed by natural law because they were composed of human beings who were ruled by nature 2 Diplomacy Diplomats were as an extension that accorded extraordinary legal protections 3 Balance of power Prevent state Gr Of states to dominate in Europe Four types of sovereignty 1 International legal sovereignty recognition of a state s independence by other states and respect for its territorial boundaries 2 Westphalian sovereignty exclusion of other states from the affairs of the government that exists with a given territory 3 Internal Domestic sovereignty rights of government or formal organization of political authority within a state to exercise a monopoly of power over social economic political and other activities within its borders 4 Interdependence sovereignty concerns with the ability of governments to control or regulate the flow of people money trade information The European Union Redefining Sovereignty Because of the excessive sovereignty and nationalism were leading causes of wars European got together and created a Union with a population of 491 million people The currency is Euro The rise of Non state Actors Nongovernmental organizations NGOs Organizations that are not a part of a government Four main roles of NGOs 1 Setting Agendas NGOS often force national policymakers to include certain issues on their agendas 2 Negotiating Outcomes NGOs work with the governments and business groups to solve global problems 3 Conferring Legitimacy Organizations such as the World Bank and transactional corporation derive legitimacy from the support or approval of various NGOs 4 Making Solutions Work Many governments and intergovernmental organizations rely on NGOs to implement their decisions in areas such as humanitarian relief and economic development Two of the oldest and most significant non state actors are the Catholic Church and transnational corporations Interdependence and Globalization Interdependence A political and economic situation in which two states are simultaneously dependent on each other for their well being Globalization The integration of markets politics values and environmental concerns across borders CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION Financial market expansion The global expansion of national markets Internet English language Forms of Globalization 1 Economic and Trade globalization Free trade open markets and competition in the world economy Movement of people exchange of ideas 2 Financial globalization Four basic developments drive financial globalization Consolidation of financial institutions Globalization of operations New technologies Universalization of banking World Bank a UN agency that deals with monetary aid transfers to developing nations usually via a loan program varying from nation to nation International Monetary Fund IMF Prevent countries from defaulting on their loans and to make financing available Eurodollar The process of European banks accepting dollars and not changing them into national currency 3 Political Globalization The proliferation of international and regional organizations composed of states and the spread of non state political actors Multilateral institutions Organizations composed of many states pursuing common objectives Policy