SOC 368 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Previous Lecture I.Review of drug lawsII.HegemonyOutline of Current Lecture I.Demonic ApproachII. Classical Approach/Rational HedonismIII. Positivist/(individual) Pathology SchoolCurrent Lecture ExistentialityExistentiality a. The presence of the social world in something cultural or in cultural productsi. Eg: images/ideas/theories shaped by where they exist b. Things that shape theory:i. History/historical moments ii. Location: specific societiesiii. Cultural/social currentsiv. Key theoristI. Demonic Approacha. (i-iv) ancient Hebrews, Greeks, renaissance Europe, Salem 1600s, Egyptians, Romansb. Interested in supernatural forces as the cause for deviancei. Possession (“the devil made me do it”)ii. Temptation (“the devil is in someone else and is trying to get me too”)c. “absolutist” approach/opposite of constructionist i. Some things are absolutely, inherently wrong, regardless of context (Falwell) d. Punishmenti. Retribution; severe and symbolic (destroy the devil within)ii. Often irrationally harsh and not consistent for everyone; not swift punishments; usually strung out and painfulII. Classical Approach/Rational Hedonisma. (i-ii) 18th century western Europe; “age of reason”; EnlightenmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Europe was increasing in population and densityii. People were able to get away with more; anonymity and decrease in communal bonds (religiosity)iii. Types of authority was changing; secularization throughout societyiv. Less strength in feudal states; first cases of the emergence of capitalism b. (iii) reaction to perceived rationality and excesses of the Demonic Approachi. Currents: 1. Moral philosophy2. Social contract3. Rationalityc. Key ideas of the theoryi. Free willii. Rational hedonism/calculation1. Seek pleasure without the pain of retribution  chosen actionsiii. Make a rational system of laws1. Punishment: equitable, certain, swift, (critique of the past)2. French Penal Code (1791)a. Uniform punishments for all i. Right + reasonii. Minor/major crimes  minor/major punishmentsiii. Felony vs. misdemeanorb. Irrationality in the French Penal Code i. Accounting for people who are unable to think rationally (mentally insane, juvenile vs. adult)ii. Circumstantial basis into account (mitigating circumstances; eg: premeditation is worse than unprepared crime)c. Neo-classical modifications to the French Penal Codei. Mitigating circumstancesii. Premeditationiii. Insanityiv. Key theorists1. Bentham and Beccaria. Brought thoughts of modern crime and punishment rulesIII. Positivist/(individual) Pathology Schoola. “Positivism” builds on ideas of reason and using science for empiricism (having solid data and knowledge made people more positive of their results and beliefs)i. Sensory data utilized; “check” on reason to build empirical support for ideasb. Main focus was still at the individual level rather than on societyi. Like the Demonic and Classical Approach, Positivism is a micro-level approach to criminologyii. Individual defect/disease that leads to crime and deviance iii. Deterministic approach; fundamental contradiction from Classicaliv. Scientific racism is grounded in this