SOC 368 1nd Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Previous Lecture I.Demonic ApproachII. Classical Approach/Rational HedonismIII. Positivist/(individual) Pathology SchoolOutline of Current Lecture I.Criminology Theory TemplateCurrent LectureCRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY STUDY TEMPLATEELEMENT DEMONIC CLASSICAL Positivism FUNCTIONALISM ANOMIE FOCUS/NICKNAMEDevil made me do it! RationalHedonism (pleasure seeking); AKA “Rational Calculation”(Individual)Pathology“Sick Bodies, Sick Minds”Society is an organism with functioning parts;The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Must addressthe needs of the systemPeople are poorly integrated in society. LEVELOf AnalysisMicro (individual) Micro (individual) Micro (individual) Macro (societal) Meso (mix) CRIME CAUSE-Internal coercion: demon possession-External coercion: succumb Free willView of Deviance: Deviants are no different from anyone View of Deviance: Individual pathology-Focus is on the criminal, Society is the cause of crime. Social Organization leads to Society is the cause of crimeView of Deviance: A responseto structural strain. Anomie, These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.to temptation (devils, demons,evil spirits)View of Deviance: temptation and possession; Those accused of crimes were overwhelmingly poor and had little or no protection from legal systems designed to serve the monarch or men of property.else=>their actions can be understood as maximizing pleasure while minimizing painThose accused of crimes: Deviance is not a problem of bad or inadequate people, butrather of bad or inadequate laws. The legislature should identify deviant acts.specifically on disease or defect that is leading to crime.Those accused of crime: Are diseased or defective. They are propelled by social, economic, and mental forces outside of their control.Crime.View of Deviance: All societieshave deviance. Deviance and crime are normal. They contribute to the health of a society! How? Why? Crime and deviance can have positive functions for society. Those accused of crime: Serve a function.the disjuncture of culturally defined means and culturally defined endsMerton’s central hypothesis was that deviant behavior is a symptom of a specific sort of social disorganization: a lack of fit between culturally prescribed aspirations and socially structured avenues for achieving them (specifically writing about American Dream)Those accused of crime:Are alienated from prevailing means and values. KEY IDEAS -Good & Evil; moral qualities-NO FREE WILL: why? b/c everything is determined-Role of lawful authorities? To eradicate the devil from the body so that others would not be infected with their sins. Theuse of physical pain took manyforms and was widely used as a method of punishment and form of inquisition to establishinnocence or guilt-Punishment should fit the crime; society should be ordered such that laws determine punishment for crimes and judges determine who is guilty-Pleasure-Punishment = Chosen Act Maximize rewards, minimize pain-Role of lawful authorities? Make a rational system of law. Punishment should be equitable, certain, and swif-Human action is based on free will; crime is voluntarily engaged in by free-willed -Punishment should fit the criminal- NO FREE WILL: why? Focus ison innate diseases and defects-Positivism is: a method of analysis based on the collection of observable scientific facts. Its aim is to uncover, to explain, and to predict the ways in which observable fact occur in uniform patterns.-Growing concern: The failure of prisons to regulate the conduct of the “dangerous classes” in at least three ways:1) the growing presence in Positive Fxs of CrimeCrime = Normal & NecessaryCrime serves as a social function. Positive Functions of Crime:(1) Boundary-setting (crime makes boundaries of society clear); (2) Group solidarity or social cohesion (crime makes members of group feel closer together); (3) Innovation/Social change (crime would allow for innovation/social change); and (4) Safety valve; function/tension reduction MEANS AND GOALS (B&M P. 91, table 4.1)1. All societies have culturallylegitimate goals (ends or aspirations)2. All societies have culturallylegitimate means3. In a stable society, if you follow the means you should be able to achieve the ends4. In societies that are less stable, or in very complex societies, structure may be a barrier between means and ends 5. Malintegration/disjunction/bpeople; free will is not determined.urban areas of large numbers of poor, unemployed, and working class thieves living in desperate conditions; 2) continued presence of this class led to fear of widespreadcriminality; and 3) official crime rate showed that crime was increasing(e.g., crime provides scapegoat)Other major concepts:Social Facts (norms)Social SolidarityRepressive LawRetributive Lawarrier leads to anomie (later on he says that is what he means by anomie)6. In a complex society, individuals (i.e., members of groups) face different types and amounts of anomieTHEORIST(s) N/A B Boys: Bentham & BeccariaBentham - panopticonCesare Lombroso(Spencer- using evolution as a means for racism)Durkheim Merton WHEN Ancient Hebrews, Rome, Greece 1600 Salem18th C shif to secularization Emerged in 19th C. Extended into 20th CLate 19th C into 20th C 20th C WHERE Throughout Renaissance EuropeWestern EuropeURBANIZATIONStarted in France and Belgium, but extended throughout Europe and USEurope/US U.S. CURRENTS -Roman Catholicism-Judges had enormous discretionary powers and usedthem arbitrarily; judges open to bribery and corruptionAge of reasonEnlightenmentEarly capitalismMoral Philosophy (Hume)Social Contract (Rousseau)Rationality (Descartes)Modern StatisticsScientific racismEugenicsPositivist scienceDevelopment of modernist science and evolutionEvolutionPositivist scienceOrganicismFunctionalism RELATIONTo Other TheoriesIrrationality sets the stage to enlightenment approach in Classical SchoolReaction to irrationality of demonic and in response to torture and excessShif from religion to scienceReaction to classicism (too much free will!); Response to changes in the CJS that occurred previously; emerged from convergence of 2 areas of govt activity in FranceShif to MACRO perspective and away from MICRO/INDIVIDUALISTIC perspective (e.g. demonic, classical, and positivist)Opposed to biological/micro