Chapters 9 and 11 Respiration requires oxygen 1 Glycolysis talked about it last lecture too glucose 6 carbon sugar is split into two pyruvates 3 carbon molecule a Requires two ATPs to start b In the cytosol c Substrate level phosphorylation when ATP donates a phosphate and also energy for a reaction d Produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP net 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate e Regulation feedback inhibition when there s a lot of ATP that inhibits phosphofructokinase which starts glycolysis so if there s a lot of ATP glycolysis can NOT start 2 Pyruvate processing pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA a Pyruvate moves into the MITOCHONDRIA b Produces CO2 and NADH c If there is not enough oxygen it can t get oxidized instead it gets reduced and goes through fermentation d Acetyl CoA is a 2 carbon molecule the pyruvates third carbon becomes waste product e Process is facilitated by pyruvate dehydrogenase 3 Citric acid cycle also called Krebs cycle or tri carboxylic acid cycle a Eight small carboxylic acids R radical could be anything COOH i R COOH acids are in solution ii Series of redox reactions iii Acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2 b Produces 1FADH2 and 4NADH from FAD and NAD c Produces 1GTP guanosine triphosphate very similar to ATP and easily converted to ATP d Produces 2CO2 e High levels of ATP and NADH inhibit the citric acid cycle feedback inhibition 4 Electron Transport Chain ETC and Chemiosmosis uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP a Electrons go down ETC release a small amount of energy and then have less and less potential energy as they get passed between molecules b Series of redox reactions c NADH and FADH2 carry protons to the intermembrane space in a mitochondria so there is a high concentration and then spontaneous movement of protons away from each other because same charges repel each other is coupled with ATP synthase reactions to make ATP i In the intermembrane space of the mitochondria all the H s make it very acidic ii Mitochondria have two membranes and this is between them iii Coenzyme Q and cytochrome C transfer electrons between complexes inside the ETC there are four complexes and they are just named Complex I Complex II Complex III and Complex IV wow so creative iv Coenzyme Q is highly lipid soluble and very hydrophobic d http cronodon com images mitochondrion diagram jpg e NADH has more potential energy than FADH2 f ATP synthase adds PO3 to ADP and makes it ATP couples the movement of the hydrogen ions and this reaction is exergonic so the extra energy is used to add the PO3 to ATP g one side the blue one of ATP synthase lets H ions out of the mitochondria and the red side binds PO3 to ATP h ATP SYNTHASE http upload wikimedia org wikipedia commons 0 00 Atp synthase PNG Fermentation no oxygen Glucose forms pyruvate Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde CH3CHO Acetaldehyde is reduced to make ethanol In yeast Uses only NADH NO FADH In humans it happens a little bit but it only makes 2 ATP and it can t last for very long In humans it lactic acid fermentation no ethanol When oxidizing fatty acids forms acetyl co a directly no pyruvate FROM THE HOMEWORK SET 2 Question 28 from the homework about fermentation TRUE THINGS Production of ATP by substrate level Pyruvate is reduced to form lactose in humans or ethanol in yeast There is NO pyruvate processing Fermentation is less efficient because NAD gets regenerated to NADH so that in humans aerobic respiration can happen later Question 30 In a case study of death of an individual the following was found blood oxygen levels glucose levels and pyruvate levels were normal NADH levels were higher than expected and NAD levels were very low Furthermore the pH of the mitochondrial intermembrane space of this individual was much higher than normal Which of the following is are plausible hypotheses as to the cause of death in this case C A poison blocked the electron transport chain resulting in the inability to shuttle hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria C is right because hydrogen ions aren t being shuttled resulting in a low concentration of the in intermembrane space so HIGH pH Chapter 11 cell to cell interaction FOCUS ON SECTION 11 3 Extracellular layer made of cellulose and pectin in plants made of collagen and proteoglycan in animals distant cell communication signaling reception processing response deactivation khan academy video